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Файл:English for civil engineers. Учебное пособие
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Imagine you are a member of a selection committee at an engineer-
on into for
ing college. Give information to an applicant concerning:
a. The length of the courses and the degrees obtained.
b. The subjects and disciplines included in the curriculum.
c. The requirements at each stage of training.
d. The advantages of certification.
e. Job placement for graduates and their functions at work.
VOCABULARY: PREPOSITIONS
Fill in the gap with a preposition from the box
out of in from between by across through up
1. The law was adopted ________ the Parliament at the second reading.
2. John managed to get one degree _______ Physics and one _______ Informa-
tion Technology.
3. Is it possible to distinguish plaster ________ putty?
4. The stream flows __________ the valley and _________ the lake.
5. Are you planning to compete _________ the grant?
6. You should learn ________ experience to find correct solutions.
7. Take the tool ___________ the box on the right and give it to me, please.
8. Let us apply one triangle ________ another.
9. There is a collector _________ the street.
10. Hot struggle ________ a very profitable tender was put up __________ two
building companies.
Revise English tenses! Consult TABLE 1 in the Appendix while doing
grammar tasks!
Practice
I. Open the brackets and use the verb in the proper tense form.
A. The Present Simple or the Present Continuous?
1. Run downstairs. Your sister (wait) for you.
2. John (still, work) at the project.
3. The apparatus (not work) in bad weather.
4. What (we, need) a pump for?
5. The students (make) experiments in the laboratory now.
6. Granny is in the kitchen. She (make) a cake.
7. I don’t know Spanish, but I (learn) it now.
8. What (this term, mean)?
GRAMMAR: ENGLISH TENSES (REVISION)
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9. It (often, rain) in this part of the world.
10. Can you phone a bit later, please? Jane (have a bath).
B. The Past Simple or the Past Continuous?
1. The first time George (go) abroad was in 2005.
2. My parents (work) hard all their lives.
3. I (see) Simon last night. He looked great.
4. While I (drive) to the airport, I had a fantastic idea.
5. Cathy and Nick (chat) when Jim interrupted.
6. At six o’clock last night I (sit) in a traffic jam.
7. When they got to the park it (rain).
8. When Sammy stopped his bike, he (fall) off again.
9. It was a lovely afternoon, so they (go) for a walk by the river.
10. Luke (stop) to talk to Jill on his way to work.
C. The Past Simple or the Present Perfect?
1. That’s the best curry I ever (eat).
2. The exhibition (end) on July 17.
3. I’m sorry. The manager just (leave).
4. Jack, I’ve found your briefcase. – Thanks. Where you (find) it?
5. We (know) each other since we were children.
6. You look well. you (be) on holiday?
7. When your friends (arrive)?
8. The Prime Minister just (land) in Delhi.
9. A volcano has erupted in Congo. Planes carrying aid (fly) to the area.
10. I (study) three languages when I was at school.
D. The Past Simple or the Past Perfect?
1. Iona did the washing while I (do) the drying.
2. When I arrived, the film already (start).
3. The thief (go) by the time the police arrived.
4. I thought it was the best thing I ever (see).
5. When I (put) the children to bed and tidied up, I watched the news on TV.
6. Pam thought she (see) Mike somewhere before.
7. We advertised the car but no one (want) it.
8. By the time we got to the vet’s, our hamster (die).
9. As I (walk) in, he jumped up and shook my hand.
10. Steve couldn’t get into the house because he (lose) his key.
II. Use the verb in the proper tense form and complete the texts.
1. Air pollution
Since the 19th century we (get) increasingly worried about industry polluting breathing air in densely populated cities where the great majority
of people (live).
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Not all air pollutants (be) man-made. For billions of years volcanoes
(pollute) the air by throwing out tons of ash and smoke. However, having discovered fire man (add) much to natural pollutants by burning fossil fuels.
Sherlock Holmes for example, (observe) London “pea-soupers” (лондонские
желтые туманы), blanketing the city for days. That’s because Londoners
(use) soft coal (битуминозный уголь) for heating their houses.
2. Imaging atoms
Many scientists today (work) with single atoms or molecules. To do their
work they have to be able to “see” atoms and molecules in some way. Optical instruments used for producing a magnified image of a small object are known
as microscopes. A Dutch spectacle-maker Z. Janssen (create) the first compound
microscope in 1595. It (be) simply a tube with lenses at each end. Through
the course of time opticians (modify) and (improve) this microscope, so it is used
today giving us the possibility of viewing individual cells.
What tense forms are more often used in scientific texts?
GRAMMAR: ORDER OF WORDS (REVISION)
Put the words in the correct order to make up questions or statements:
1) buy / you / the / did / at / what / shops?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2) parents / moment / where / your / the / at / are?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3) Italy / go / you / why / to / did?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4) us / they / their / car / told / about / new.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5) many / got / you / how / cousins / have?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6) smoking / Jane / up / gave / ago / years / three.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7) quickly / road / along / man / the / walked / the.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
8) by / play / a / have / Shakespeare / seen / ever / you?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
9) says / English / learn / easy / is / teacher / my / that / to.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
10) people / going / many / invite / party / how / are / to / to / your / you?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
11) lent / Daniel / calculator / Vicky / his.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
12) her / to / Emma / sister / sold / her / bike.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
13) an / way / had / to / Friday evening / David / accident / his / on / work / on.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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14) new / sports / Prince Charles / a / Stoke / center / yesterday / opened / in.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
15) parents / to / whose / school / to / can / decorate / the / come
/ for / class / Christmas?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
16) the operator / protective / himself / should / clothing / have / to protect.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
17) scientific / takes / time and practice / any / research / a lot of.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
18) know / how / do / this apparatus / you / works?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
19) hydrolysis / between / describes / water and a mineral / the direct reaction.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
20) already / manufactures / have / special / ovens / developed
/ heat-treating.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Work out the general rule for the order of words in the English sentence:
1) in statements:
(who?) Scientists (doing what) are looking into (what) nanotechnology
(how) with a great deal of interest.
(who?) A Dutch spectacle-maker Z. Janssen (did what?) invented (what?)
the first compound microscope (where?) in Holland (when?) in 1595 (what
for?) to view small objects.
___________ – ________ – _____________ ( прямое – косвенное) – ___________
(места – времени – причины).
2) in general questions:
a. Are radio waves efficient for sending signals across space?
Глагол-связка – ______________ – Остальная часть?
b. Will global warming cause many disasters?
______________ – _______________ – Смысловой глагол – Остальная часть?
3) in special questions
a. Why do people develop alternative sources of energy?
Вопросительное слово – ____________ – _____________ – ___________ –
Остальная часть?
b. Who discovered the photovoltaic effect?
_______________ – ______________ – ___________________?
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SPEAKING
Tel. 8960485377
Tel. 8960231198
CHOOSING A JOB
I. Finding a job
Read these advertisements for part-time jobs and decide which job
advert:
wants someone who has done this job before ______;
focuses on some personal characteristics _______;
says the job paid weekly ______;
wants someone able to do hard physical work _____.
1. Construction engineering bureau
requires a draftsman. Previous
experience required. Telephone
01865254682
2. We are currently looking for handy
men for summer work at construction
sites. Good hourly rate offered.
Email: buildpersonnel@boxes.com
3. Sales assistant needed for builder’s
hardware store. Must know construc-
tion materials and be outgoing and fit.
Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Fridays.
4. Assistant geodesist needed for field
surveying. Elementary level
in topographic surveying.
Good wages offered.
II. Choosing a job
You need to apply for a part-time job. Choose one of the jobs in I and
make a list of reasons why you want it. Make another list of reasons why
you don’t want other jobs.
Example
I’d like to apply for job 1 because I’m good at drawing and I’ve already
worked as a draftsman.
I don’t think I match the requirements in 3 as I’m not very sociable.
III. Discuss your choice and your reasons with your partner.
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UNIT II
PARTS OF A BUILDING – PLUMBING SYSTEM –
PROFESSIONAL FOCUS: PLUMBING – VOCABULARY:
PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY – GRAMMAR: SEQUENCE
OF TENSES – WRITING: APPLYING FOR A JOB
Pre-reading task
1. Work with a partner. Discuss the following items.
– What sort of building do you live in? Is it a cottage, a detached house
or a block of flats?
– How many floors does it have? What floor do you live on?
– How many rooms are there in your house? What are they?
– Which is your favorite room? Why?
– Which building material was used for the walls? Is it brick, reinforced
concrete panels or timber? Which material is the roof made from –
is it slate, tile or ruberoid?
– How old is your house? Is it fail-safe you think?
2. Look at picture 1 and label the parts of the building in your mother
tongue. Have you labeled all the parts? Discuss your results with a partner.
Рiс. 1
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Reading
I. Read the text and match the paragraph with the part of the house
as it is displayed in picture 2.
Рiс. 2
PARTS OF A BUILDING
1. This is a structure that transfers loads to the earth. It is generally broken
into two categories: shallow and deep. A shallow one is usually embedded a me-
ter or so into soil. A deep one is used to transfer a load from a structure through
an upper weak layer of soil to a stronger deeper layer of soil. There are different
types of this including helical piles, impact driven piles, drilled shafts, caissons,
piers, and earth stabilized columns. Historically, piles were wood, later steel,
reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete. ________
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2. This is an architectural element in classical architecture. It is
a slightly-projecting column built into or applied to the face of a wall with an
ornamental function. Most commonly flattened or rectangular in form, this
part of a building can also take a half-round form or the shape of any type of
column. This has a capital and entablature. These vertical elements often appear on the sides of a door frame or window opening on the facade of a building and serve to support a roof structure above. The fashion of using this
element from Ancient Greek and Roman architecture was adopted in the Italian Renaissance, gained wide popularity with Greek Revival architecture, and
continues to be seen in modern architecture. _____
3. This is a secondary post parallel to the tie post. It is a long thick
straight-sided piece of wood, metal, concrete used as a horizontal structural
member. These were used in roof construction in Medieval architecture, and
also appear in Gothic Revival architecture and Queen Anne architecture.
A similar structure may be used to construct a simple bridge. ______
4. In architecture and engineering it is one of the horizontal supporting
members that run from wall to wall, wall to beam, or beam to beam to support a ceiling. It may be made of wood, steel, or concrete. Typically, a beam
is bigger. These elements are often supported by beams and are usually re-
petitive. The wider the span between the supporting structures, the deeper
this element will need to be. Many manufacturers supply load tables in order to allow designers to select the proper sizes of this element for their
projects. _____
5. This is one of a series of sloping beams, that form the framework
of a roof and serve to support the roof deck and its associated loads. In home
construction, these elements are typically made of wood. _____
6. In architecture this is the wide central horizontal section part (band)
of an enablement, it may be plain or decorated with sculpture. If there are no
columns it lies upon the “main beam”. The material of which this element is
made of may be plasterwork, carved wood or other decorative medium. _____
7. This is a vertical member that is used with others to construct the
framework of a wall. In the light frame construction techniques called Balloon
framing or “stick and platform” colloquially the “sticks” carry the vertical
loads, and the platforms made of floor joists, headers and sub-floors, hold the
outward forces in check and keep the walls in parallel. This part of a framework is made of timber or steel. ______
8. This is a below-ground short pipe used with others to form a drain
that carries off water, sewage. This pipe is usually made of earthenware, con-
crete, or plastic. Soil type greatly affects the efficacy of such systems. Sandier
soils will need little, if any, additional drainage, whereas soils with high clay
contents will hold their water tighter, requiring the lines to be placed closer
together._____
II. Look up the italicized words in the dictionary, read the text again,
complete task I.
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III. Compare the two buildings from Unit II, complete labeling
the parts of the building from ex. 2 in pre-reading task. Then discuss
the results with a partner.
Speaking
Choose any part of a building, give information about it. Explain its
functions and say about building materials used for this element of construction. Do the task in the form of presentation: Let me draw your atten-
tion to this structural element…
PROFESSIONAL FOCUS
PLUMBING
Pre-reading task
I. Match the word and its definition.
1. Plumber is…
2. Potable means…
3. Wastes are…
4. To install means…
5. To eliminate means…
6. Ditch is…
7. Cesspool is…
8. Residences are…
a) …to remove or take out; b) …to place in position and connect and adjust for use; c) …a narrow channel in the earth usually used for drainage;
d) …apartment houses; e) …a person who installs and repairs pipes, fixtures
etc.; f) …a hole in the earth for collecting and storing sewage or waste;
g) …useless products, rubbish, trash; h) …drinkable.
Reading
Skim the text and find out how Plumbing is different from water
supply and sewage systems.
PLUMBING SYSTEM
Plumbing, from the Latin for lead (plumbum), is the skilled trade
of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for potable water systems and drainage of waste. Plumbing originated during the ancient civilizations such as the Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable water and drainage
of wastes. A plumber is someone who installs or repairs piping systems,
plumbing fixtures and equipment such as water heaters. The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed economy due to the need
for clean water and proper collection and transport of wastes.
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Plumbing also refers to a system of pipes and fixtures installed
in a building for distribution of potable water and removal of wastes. Plumbing is usually distinguished from water and sewage systems, in that a plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems serve
a group of buildings or a city. Improvement in plumbing systems was very
slow, with virtually no progress made from the time of the Roman system
of aqueducts and lead pipes until the 19th century. Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems eliminated open
sewage ditches and cesspools.
Much of plumbing work in populated areas (cities, towns, etc.) is regulated by government. Plumbing installation and repair work on residences
and other buildings generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the inhabitants of the buildings and to ensure safe, quality
construction to future buyers. If permits are required for work, plumbing contractors typically secure them from the authorities on behalf of home or building owners.
Comprehension check
Answer the questions.
1. What two meanings does the term “plumbing” have?
2. How long ago did plumbing emerge?
3. How have plumbing systems been improved in the course of time?
4. What organizations are responsible for operating plumbing systems?
Vocabulary
I. Find the best translation(s) for these words and word combinations with regard to their contextual surrounding. If no one variant fits
the context, suggest your own translation.
Plumbing system: 1) внутридомовая система водоснабжения
и канализации; 2) водопроводно-канализационная сеть здания; 3) инженерное оборудование зданий, сантехника;
skilled trade: 1) профессия, требующая квалифицированного труда;
2) квалифицированный труд; 3) профессиональная область;
plumbing fixtures: 1) водопроводная арматура; 2) санитарнотехническое оборудование; 3) слесарный инвентарь;
provide: 1) обеспечить; 2) запасать; 3) предусматривать;
water heaters: 1) истопник; 2) обогреватель воды; 3) водонагрева-
тельный прибор;
refers to: 1) направлять, отсылать; 2) касаться, иметь отношение;
3) ссылаться на;
removal of wastes: 1) вывоз нечистот; 2) отведение отработанной
воды; 3) удаление сточных вод;
eliminate: 1) устранить; 2) ликвидировать; 3) игнорировать;
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