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Файл:English for civil engineers. Учебное пособие
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UNIT V
SWERAGE SYSTEM: GENERAL SURVEY – PROFESSIONAL FOCUS:
SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL – VOCABULARY:
NUMBERS – GRAMMAR: THE GERUND – SPEAKING: GIVING
A PRESENTATION (2)
Pre-reading task
I. Answer the questions based on your everyday experience.
1. The construction of which system – water supply or water drainage –
is more expensive?
2. What is the main principle for drainage pipe laying?
3. How often do you think the sewerage network overhaul in residential
areas must be done?
4. Are there any measures to recycle waste water?
II. Look up the words from the box in the dictionary and then use
them in the sentences below. Change the form of the word if necessary.
protect, composition, contain, result from, domestic, remove, avoid, prevent,
consist of, auxiliary
1. Do you know which tank _____________ the oil?
2. The management must take strong safety measures to _______________
another accident.
3. The chemical _____________ of this substance is absolutely unknown.
4. Irons, washing machines, dishwashers are all _______________ appliances
(equipment).
5. You’re quite well already and the bandages can be __________ now.
6. Some ____________ measures are required to make the process of purification more efficient.
7. All the problems at the plant ________________ inefficient management.
8. ____________ using this chemical to purify water. It’s dangerous.
9. The process of water treatment _________________ three stages.
10. Put on your rubber gloves! They will _____________ from chemicals.
Reading
sludge.
Read the text and guess the following: sewage, refuse, slimy paste,
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SEWERAGE
1. The problem of protecting natural water resources has grown very
pressing for many countries since the beginning of second half of the 20th century. The development of human society, the growth of civilization and social
and technical progress have resulted in the changing of the composition
of natural water resources. The rivers, lakes and ground waters contain today
a considerable amount of the products of mechanical, chemical and biological
pollution.
2. The waste products that result from the daily activities are of two general types: the liquid waste, known as sewage and the solid wastes, known
as refuse. Sewage may also be divided according to its source into the following
three classes. The sewage from residences, institutions and business buildings is
called domestic sewage, sanitary sewage or house sewage; that resulting from
manufacturing or industrial processes is known as industrial waste; and that
from run-off storms is called storm sewage. A combination of domestic sewage,
industrial waste and storm water is called combined sewage.
3. Both sewage and refuse must be removed promptly in order to avoid
endangering the health of the community and also prevent decomposition
of the materials of animal or vegetable origin. The removal of all kinds of sewage is usually accomplished by means of sewers. The sewers are placed
in the streets at several feet below the ground surface. The general process
of removing sewage is known as sewerage and the entire system of sewers including a sewerage treatment plant is called sewerage system.
4. The sewage treatment may consist in discharge of raw sewage into
a stream or a large body of water. The usual methods of sewage treatment
consist either of preliminary treatment alone or of primary treatment followed by secondary treatment. During primary treatment large and heavier
solid particles are settled out from the liquid. These solid particles form a sli-
my paste which in known as sludge. Further treatment which is known as secondary treatment is usually required. An auxiliary treatment which may be
used with either primary or secondary treatment is disinfection or killing bacteria in the sewage by means of chemicals.
Comprehension check
I. Here are some headings for the paragraphs. Match them with
the correct paragraph.
a. _____ Sorts of sewage products.
b. _____ Stages of sewage purification.
c. _____ Water resources in danger.
d. _____ Network of sewers.
II. Answer the questions.
1. Why is the solution of water pollution problem getting more urgent
nowadays?
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2. What sorts of waste products do you know and which of them are
waste products
antipollution mea
s
ures
components of sew
e
rage
considered the most dangerous?
3. What components does any sewerage system include?
4. How many stages are needed to treat sewage?
Vocabulary
I. Explain the meaning of the italicized words from the text first
in English, then in your mother tongue.
II. Distribute the nouns from the text into three groups: disinfection,
sewage, refuse, treatment, waste, discharge, sewerage treatment plant, sewers, removal, sludge.
III. Match the word from the chart above with one of the following
adjectives: solid, sewage, liquid, auxiliary, secondary, domestic, of all kinds of
sewage, sanitary, house preliminary, industrial primary, combined, of the raw
sewage, storm.
IV. Make up your own sentences with the word combinations from ex. III.
Speaking
Divide into three groups and make reports: 1) “Classification of se-
wage products”; 2) “The sewerage system, its components and its functioning”;
3) “The process of sewage treatment”.
PROFESSIONAL FOCUS
SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL
by engineers today.
ment plant. Where pipeline excavation is difficult because of rock, gravity collection systems may not be practical and the sewage must be pumped through
a pipeline to the treatment plant. In low-lying communities wastewater may
be conveyed by vacuum. Pipelines range in size from pipes of 150 mm in diameter to concrete-lined tunnels of up to 10 m in diameter.
Reading
Skim the text and say which type of the sewage system is preferred
A sewage system may convey wastewater by gravity to a sewage treat-
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Sewage can also be collected by low pressure pumps and vacuum systems. A low pressure system uses a small pump located at each point of connection, typically a house or business. Vacuum sewer systems use differential
atmospheric pressure to move the liquid to a central vacuum station. Typically a vacuum sewer station can service approximately 1,200 homes before it
becomes more cost-effective to build another station. Design and sizing of sewage collection systems considers population served, commercial and industrial flows, flow peaking characteristics and wet weather flows.
Combined sewer systems are designed to transport both storm water
runoff and sewage in the same pipe. Often, combined sewers can not handle
the volume of runoff, resulting in combined sewer overflows and causing water pollution problems in nearby water bodies. Separate sanitary sewer systems are designed to transport sewage alone. In communities served by separate sanitary sewers, another pipe system is constructed to convey storm water runoff directly to surface waters. Most municipal sewer systems constructed today are separate sewer systems. Although separate sewer systems
are intended to transport only sewage, all sewer systems have some degree
of inflow and infiltration of surface water and groundwater, which can lead
to sanitary sewer overflows.
Comprehension check
Read the text again and state if these statements are true (T)
or false (F).
1. Any sewage system must convey waste water by gravity to a treat-
ment plant.
2. Drain pipes can be of different size.
3. Vacuum sewer systems are much more powerful than low pressure
pumps.
4. Combined sewer systems collect and dispose only storm water runoff.
5. The advantage of the separate sewer system is it transports only se-
wage.
Vocabulary
Cross out one word from each group that doesn’t correspond
the key word in the meaning:
convey:
practical:
community:
range:
collect:
liquid:
handle:
construct:
overflow:
a) carry b) transform c) transport
a) experienced b) useful c) effective
a) settlement b) colony с) group
a) vary b) differ c) classify
a) assemble b) accumulate c) gather
a) water b) fluid c) flow
a) manage b) cope with c) manipulate
a) build b) design c) set up
a) spillage b) flood c) leakage
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Translation
I. Translate the word combinations containing the key words from
the above exercise.
convey wastewater by gravity – _____________________________________
practical collection systems – _______________________________________
low-lying communities – ___________________________________________
range in size – _________________________________________
collect by low pressure pumps – _______________________________
move the liquid – _______________________________
handle the volume of runoff – __________________________________
combined sewer overflow – _______________________________
construct separate sanitary sewers – _________________________________
Compare your translation with your partner’s. Choose the best one!
II. Paraphrase these sentences from the text (make them easier),
then translate both the original sentence and your paraphrase. Do you
have the same translation?
E.g. Where pipeline excavation is difficult because of rock, gravity collection systems may not be practical. – Gravity collection systems may not work
in rocky locations where pipeline excavation is difficult.
1. In low-lying communities wastewater may be conveyed by vacuum.
2. Often, combined sewers can not handle the volume of runoff, result-
ing in combined sewer overflows.
3. Although separate sewer systems are intended to transport only sewage, all sewer systems have some degree of inflow, which can lead to sanitary sewer overflows.
Speaking
Study the chart, look up the new words in the dictionary and outline
how the sewerage system functions. You can make use of the ideas given
below or suggest your own outline.
This is the… sewer system as it transports… The sewage is collected by…
The drains from the residence and the business lead to… The drains form…
Through the regional trunk line the sewage is conveyed to…, where the sewage
is…
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VOCABULARY: NUMBERS
Presentation
Practise saying these numbers slowly and clearly.
2 m two million
235
two hundred and
thirty-five square meters
1.6 bn one point six billion
98 % ninety-eight per cent
one-third, three-quarters €150,000 one hundred and fifty
thousand euro(s)
Remember that:
1) we use a comma in English to show thousands and a point to show
the decimal place;
2) we say “2 million” or “10 billion” (not “2 millions / “10 billions”);
3) we say “2 million dollars”, “170 pounds” (not “2 million dollar” / “170
pound”);
4) we use “and” after hundreds.
56
Practice
I. Write the numbers out in full. Then practice pronunciation.
15 ___________________
50____________________
406__________________
72____________________
90____________________
19____________________
850___________________
1,520_________________
_______________________
100,000______________
_______________________
4000 000_____________
6.2_____________________
17.25__________________
____________________
3.8 bn_________________
____________________
50 %__________________
75.7 %________________
______________________
_____________________
____________________
12 __________________
$19.62______________
______________________
€49m_______________
£47.99 ______________
_______________________
1995_________________
_______________________
15/10/09____________
________________________
II. Fill in the gaps with the proper number from the box. Then read
the text aloud.
12th 24.8 m (meters) 16 17 m (meters) 23rd 400
I’m here to present you the layout of our new open-plan office in Hamburg.
As you can see from the plan, it’s ____________ long and about _____________ wide, for
a total of just over ______________. Our office will be on the _____________ floor of the
building which has a total of _____________ floors. ____________ of the office will be
given for workrooms and _______________ for utility rooms. We’ll be moving to our
new premises on the _______________ February if everything goes according to plan.
GRAMMAR: GERUND
Presentation
I. State which -ing forms are Participle I and which are not.
1. The problem of protecting natural water resources has grown very
pressing for many countries since the beginning of second half of the 20th century.
2. The sewage resulting from manufacturing or industrial processes
is known as industrial waste.
3. Both sewage and refuse must be removed promptly in order to avoid
endangering the health of the community
4. The general process of removing sewage is called sewerage.
5. The entire system of sewers including a sewerage treatment plant is
known as a sewerage system.
57
II. Study the examples: of protecting, from manufacturing, of remov-
Формы
г
ерундия
Active
Passive
Perfect
having done
having been done
Функци
и
Travelling
makes our
Путешествия
делают
Прямое
I enjoy
liste
n
ing
Мне нравится
слушать
Предложное
I saw
no
other
way
Я не видел дру
гого спос
о-
Позвоните мне перед
Часть
He finished
Он закончил
переводить
ing. What do all of them have in common? Can participles be used with
a preposition? Study the examples: has grown pressing, avoid endangering. What do they have in common?
III. State the syntactical functions of -ing forms in sentences 1–5.
Translate the sentences into Russian, pay special attention to -ing forms.
Complete the rule!
Неличная форма глагола, представленная в предложениях 1–4
(protecting, manufacturing, endangering, removing), называется герундием. Герундий сочетает в себе свойства глагола и существительного.
Герундий (protecting) образуется от основы глагола при помощи окончания ___________. Перед герундием может стоять ____________, что отличает
его от причастия. В предложении герундий может выполнять функции
_____________ (the problem of protecting), _____________ (has grown pressing),
______________ (avoid endangering).
Study the forms of the Gerund and its functions in the sentence.
Indefinite doing being done
герундия
Подлежащее
дополнение
дополнение
life more interesting.
to music.
He is fond of fishing. Он увлекается рыбалкой.
Пример Перевод
нашу жизнь интереснее.
музыку.
Определение
Обстоятельство Call me before leaving.
сказуемого
of doing it.
translating.
ба сделать это.
отъездом.
текст.
58
avoid
p
refer
suggest
Глаголы, после которых употребляется герундий
Practice
I. Use the Gerund in the appropriate form.
1. The researcher found interesting results on (complete) the test.
2. Science is worth (develop).
3. Intelligent machines are clever at (perform) various tasks.
4. Before (carry) out the test, the operator must prepare all necessary
equipment.
5. Quick processing of information is impossible without (apply) to com-
puters.
6. The teacher insisted on the lab work (carry) out immediately.
7. What is the use of (create) playing robots?
8. They suggest another actuator (use).
9. People get tired of (do) the same work for a long time.
10. We were interested in (analyze) this phenomenon.
like
love
adore
enjoy
keep on
hate
can’t stand
don’t mind
finish
look forward to
forgive
go on
give up
feel like
II. State the function of the Gerund in the sentences, translate into
Russian.
1. He finished speaking and sat down. 2. Stop arguing and start working.
3. The children prefer watching TV to reading. 4. Walking is very useful.
5. I had no hope of meeting her here. 6. On seeing her parents the girl laughed.
7. He is thinking of leaving his job and going to America. 8. Did you hear
of John’s having been sent abroad? 9. She is looking forward to reading his
new book. 10. I don’t enjoy going to the doctor. 11. Grammar is the art of
speaking, reading arid writing. 11. There’s no danger of it happening again.
12. He was wakened by someone knocking at the door. 13. Nobody can go
on living without some belief. 14. She does not like the thought of leaving you
alone. 15. I remember my mother laughing at my jokes.
III. Match the parts of the sentences, fill in the chart.
1. It’s difficult to keep them a. sheltering in the barn.
2. The police caught him b. coming from the house.
3. Will you please stop c. opening the safe.
4. I can hear someone d. thinking about the problem.
5. They left us e. working all the time.
6. I could smell smoke f. shouting in the distance.
7. The searchers found the boy g. changing TV channels?
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 e
IV. Complete the sentences using the Gerund.
1. There are a lot of ways of (сделать это). 2. What is your idea of (обсудить этот вопрос сейчас)? 3. Do you have the opportunity of (посетить
выставку)? 4. The film is worth (посмотреть). 5. I don’t like (напоминать
ему об этом). 6. It’s no use (плакать). 7. Do you remember (что они уже
рассказывали нам об этом)? 8. He is busy (подготовкой к докладу).
9. There was no other way of (предупредить его). 10. Thermometer is an instrument for (измерения) temperature. 11. My father thinks I am not capable
of (заработать) my own living. 12. I am tired of (делать) the same thing all
the time. 13. I tried to convince him that I was perfectly capable
of (справиться) on my own, but he insisted on (помочь) me. 14. There was
no way of (выйти) out of the building. 15. What about (купить) double quantities of everything today?
GERUNDIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
(Конструкции с герундием)
Герундий в сочетании с существительными в общем или притяжательном падеже или местоимением в притяжательном или объектном падеже образует герундиальный оборот (The Gerundial Complex), выполняющий любую функцию в предложении, свойственную герундию. Такие герундиальные обороты равны по значению придаточным предложениям:
The student’s knowing French well helped him considerably in learning
English (сложное подлежащее). = That the student knew French well helped
him considerably in learning English. (То, что студент хорошо знал французский язык, очень помогло ему при изучении английского языка.)
There was no hope of our getting the tickets (сложное
определение). = There was no hope that we should get the tickets. (Не было
надежды, что мы получим билеты.)
He insisted on my returning soon (сложное дополнение). = He insisted
that I should return soon. (Он настаивал на том, чтобы я вскоре вернулся.)
On the lecturer’s appearing in the hall there was loud applause (сложное
обстоятельство). = When the lecturer appeared in the hall, there was loud ap-
plause. (Когда лектор появился в зале, раздались громкие аплодисменты.)
Practice
I. Use Gerundial constructions.
1. Nobody is surprised at his (receive) the Nobel Prize for his discove-
ries in optics.
2. We are interested in new technologies (develop).
3. Environmentalists insist on our (cut) releases of CO2 into the atmos-
phere.
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