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Файл:English for civil engineers. Учебное пособие
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ensure safe construction: 1) обезопасить строительство; 2) убедиться
в безопасности конструкции; 3) гарантировать безопасность сооружения;
quality construction: 1) надлежащее качество сооружения; 2) качественное строительство; 3) добротность конструкции;
permit: 1) пропуск; 2) разрешение; 3) лицензия;
secure: 1) обеспечивать, гарантировать; 2) получать; 3) охранять;
on behalf of: 1) от имени; 2) по поручению; 3) в интересах.
II. Translate the sentences from the text containing the words
and word combinations from I.
Speaking
I. Put the sentences into the correct order and reconstruct the conversation between a plumber and a client.
Let me have a look. Ah, I see now. I’ll have to replace the seal. ____
Something has gone wrong with the tap. _____
Oh, don’t worry. I’ll do it in no time. _____
Will it take long? ____
What’s up, Mrs. Smith? 1
II. Practise the similar situations using the prompts: pipe / section
/ It’ll take several hours; sewage system / wastewater leader / three hours; riser
/ section / two hours.
VOCABULARY: PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY
I. Match the term with its definition:
water
a long tube of metal, plastic used to convey water, oil, gas
supply
drainage a structure supporting the building
an arrangement of reservoirs, purification plant, distribution
pipe
pipes, for providing water to a community
framework a channel that carries off water, sewage
the process or a method of caring off sewage or a system
pile
of drains
drain
a post made of stone or metal pushed into the ground
as a support for a building or a bridge
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II. Fill in the gaps with a term from ex. I.
1. These ___________ carry hot water. 2. What do we call special machines
that drive _________ into the ground? 3. A network of engineering equipment
that provides us with drinking water is called _________________.
4. A network of pipes that carries off wastes is called _________________. 5. Steel
is the most reliable material for a ______________. 6. What an awful smell!
The _________ must have started to leak.
GRAMMAR: SEQUENCE OF TENSES
(Согласование времен)
Presentation
I. Compare the tense forms in A and B.
A
Principal
clause
(главное
(придаточное дополнительное предложение)
Object clause
предложение)
I know…
B
Principal
clause
(главное
предложение)
I knew…
…the engineers apply this method in their work.
…the engineers have already applied this method
in their work.
…the engineers are applying this method
at the moment.
…the engineers applied this method last month.
…the engineers were applying this method
from 1997 to 1999.
…the engineers have been applying this method
since 2005.
…the engineers will apply this method next month.
Object clause
(придаточное дополнительное предложение)
…the engineers applied this method widely.
…the engineers had already applied this method
in their work.
…the engineers were applying this method.
…the engineers had been applying this method
for three years.
…the engineers would apply this method
the following month.
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Say which tense form is used in the principal clause in A. And which
in B? Which tense forms are used in object clauses in A and which in B?
Complete the rule!
Если в главном предложении глагол в настоящем времени,
то в придаточном дополнительном глагол может быть в ___________________.
Если в главном предложении глагол в прошедшем времени,
то в придаточном дополнительном глагол должен быть в ___________________.
II. Study the examples from B (ex. I) once again and say which action
in the object clause is simultaneous (происходит одновременно)
to the action in the principal clause, which is prior (предшествует)
and which is future. Complete this table.
Simultaneous action Prior action Future action
e.g. …the engineers applied this method widely
Complete the rule!
Если действие в придаточном предложении происходит одновременно с действием главного предложения, то для передачи такого действия в придаточном предложении используются формы
_____________________________. Если действие в придаточном предложении
предшествовало действию главного предложения, то в придаточном
предложении используются формы ____________________________. Если действие в придаточном предложении следует за действием главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении используется форма
_________________.
Grammar tips
1. Если вам нужно определить время глагола в придаточном пред-
ложении, следует предпринять следующие шаги:
определить вид придаточного, задав вопрос от главного пред-
ложения: если вы убедились, что имеете дело с придаточным дополнительным, то в действие вступает закон согласования времен (при условии, что глагол в главном предложении в прошедшем времени);
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установить характер отношений между действием, выраженным
в придаточном предложении и действием в главном предложении (одновременное, предшествующее или будущее);
с опорой на контекст выяснить, можно ли охарактеризовать
действие как длительное, и выбрать нужную форму аспекта (Indefinite
/ Perfect или Continuous).
E.g. I hoped she (receive) already my letter.
I hoped (what?) she (receive) already my letter.
главное придаточное дополнительное
I hoped (or started to hope after) she (receive) already my letter.
prior
I hoped she (receive) already my letter.
fact
RECEIVE – action prior to the action in the principal clause (HOPE)
and considered as a fact, so the correct tense form is The Past Perfect – HAD
RECEIVED: I hoped she had already received my letter.
2. Внимание! Правило согласования времен не действует, если в
придаточном дополнительном речь идет о привычном действии, характеристике или общеизвестном факте:
The teacher told the children that water boils at 100°C.
Galileo proved that the Earth moves round the Sun.
We knew that he plays tennis well.
The speaker said that the people want peace.
Practice
I. Say whether the action in the object clause precedes (предшествует), follows (следует за) or is simultaneous with the action of the
principal clause in the following sentences.
1. He asked me what work I was doing and whether I had to go to University. 2. She insisted that she had met Mr. Green at the conference. 3. Professor would certainly ask us where we had been all day. 4. Professor Johnson
said that he would be staying in town next day to complete his affairs at University. 5. The company director assured that they had agreed to provide the
equipment on time. 6. I don’t think that I will ever work for this company.
7. Out of the corner of my eye I saw the boys had stopped talking and were
watching us. 8. I hope you know what you are doing. 9. The receptionist told
me that a group of four Americans had been staying at the hotel for three
months. 10. Jane said that Alex had just left.
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II. Explain why the rules of the Sequence of Tenses are not observed
in the following sentences.
1. He says he is free tomorrow. 2. He spoke with great respect of a competent workman who knows his job from A to Z. 3. He managed to find pleasure in simple things that life offers to everyone. 4. Jack told me that in England it is illegal to own a gun without a permit. 5. I knew I should go; but I kept
on sitting there because it is difficult to leave without any reason. 6. Billy repeated that he doesn’t like filling in all these papers.
III. Make the action of the following object clauses simultaneous with
those of the principal clauses.
1. I thought Mr. Crown (have) better qualifications. 2. She couldn’t imagine
what he (do) in his study. 3. I didn’t know if your boss (mean) what he (say) or if
he (have) a joke at my expense (за мой счет). 4. What surprised me was that Pat
(be) so much at home at her new job. 5. I was surprised you (know) my name. 6.
He told his parents that now he (make) a hundred dollars per week. 7. The last
two weeks she had been saying to everyone who phoned her that she (be) unwell and (not leave) home. 8. He admitted that he (feel) lonely in London. 9. The
secretary called Mr. Gareth to say that they (have to) send an e-mail to Boston
immediately. 10. He wanted to return to the house to see how Billy (do).
IV. Make the action of the following object clauses precede those
of the principal clauses.
1. At ten o’clock he telephoned again to say that he (change) his mind. 2.
I knew that for the past twenty-five years he (buy) the same paper each morning. 3. Everybody understood that the headmaster (receive) a message from
Jack’s parents. 4. She seemed to have forgotten what (happen) a few minutes
before. 5. Nobody knew where he (spend) those three years. 6. The question
was why he (do) it at all. 7. Then he admitted that he (live) since the summer
in his father’s house. 8. The secretary called Mr. Gareth to say that they (get)
just an e-mail from Boston. 9. One day she told me why she never (get married). 10. I wondered what she (do) there so late at night.
V. Use the required tense-aspect forms in the following sentences.
1. When I went into the office next morning I already (formulate) my
plan. 2. Well, I don’t think I ever (see) you before. 3. She ended by saying that
she (think) she (make) a mistake. 4. She knew what (go) on their minds.
5. So I went into the living-room where my aunt already (wait) for me. 6. She
telephoned her husband to the office to say that Mrs. Lean just (arrive). 7. I rang
up to ask Alice how she (feel) and whether she (can) make a speech at the conference. 8. She couldn’t realize what (happen). 9. Mike hoped that Al (help) him
with his computer. 10. We didn’t know the score but we were sure their team
(lose) the game. 11. I knew that Mercury (be) the closest planet to the sun, but
I didn’t want to answer the question. 12. Someone told us that Andrew (go)
to enter that college. 13. The police found out that Bob Slant (live) in London
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at that time. 14. The committee decided that we (celebrate) this anniversary
Adrian Roberts
on Saturday. 15. Nobody told me that the lecture (not take place) on Friday.
VI. Translate into English.
1. Он мне говорил, что интересуется физикой. 2. Он сказал, что
на следующей неделе начнет работу над новым проектом. 3. Я был рад,
что Джеймс выиграл этот конкурс. 4. Я был уверен, что он работает в этой
строительной компании. 5. Я не знал, что он работает в этой строительной компании уже много лет. 6. Ты сообщил Теду, что босс приезжает
завтра? 7. Он сказал, что обсудят этот вопрос, как только директор вернется из командировки. 8. Мы сообщили мистеру Кларку, что успешно закончили испытания этого прибора. 9. Мой друг обещал, что поможет мне
достать эту книгу. 10. Мы решили, что Джейн уже нашла новую работу.
WRITING
APPLYING FOR A JOB
Studying the samples
Adrian has graduated from Civil Engineering Institute with a degree
in water supply and water drainage. He has decided to apply for a job
of an entry-level engineer with Marley & Kravitz Building Corporation.
Read his covering letter and his Curriculum Vitae (CV).
I.
21 Alexis Mansions
London
N14 7FD
21/8/09
Marley & Kravitz Building Corporation
15 Queen’s Road
London
SW2 WPD
Dear Mr. Sandor,
I am a recent graduate of Dirkman Civil Engineering Institute with a degree in water supply and water drainage. I would like my first job as entry-level engineer to be with
Marley & Kravitz Building Corporation. I am qualified for an entry-level position as I
have had special professional training and have 4 grade point average. My CV is enclosed.
My reasons for wishing to join Marley & Kravitz team are that I have undergone
practical training at Marley & Kravitz and I have good references. I have worked temporarily with AP Company and Fisher’s Architectural Bureau assisting with construction
projects.
I am looking forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely,
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Adrian Roberts
Address: 21 Alexis Mansions London N14 7FD
Phone: 2001 567 3456
Date of birth: 19 June 1987
Nationality: British citizen
Education
2004 Hillside Secondary School, London
2009 Dirkman Engineer-Building Institute, Bachelor’s degree in Water Supply and Water
Drainage
Professional Training
2007 AP Company, London
2008 Fisher’s Architectural Bureau, London
2008-2009 Marley & Kravitz Building Corporation
References
Dr. Peter Murray, Dirkman Engineer-Building Institute
Mr. Charles Rowell, chief engineer at Marley & Kravitz
Curriculum Vitae
II. Answer the questions about Adrian’s covering letter and CV.
1. Which job is he applying for?
2. Who is Adrian writing to? Does he know the person’s name?
3. What experience does he have which is relevant to the job?
4. Why does he want this job? Why would he be suitable?
5. Is he enclosing anything with his letter?
6. How does he end the letter?
7. What style is he using to write the letter? How do you understand it?
III. How does Adrian organize his letter? Put the information in the
correct order:
a) relevant skills or knowledge ___.
b) reasons for applying for the job ___.
c) particular points in the CV that show experience is relevant ___.
d) why he is writing the letter ___.
e) reference to the CV enclosed ___.
Writing your application
You are going to apply for one of the jobs from the Speaking part
in unit 1. Look back at the advertisements. Study these tips:
Write all the necessary personal information at the top of your CV.
The obligatory parts of your CV are education, professional training
or work experience.
In your CV you can include the information about your interests
and other skills like speaking foreign languages.
27
It’ll be good if you write the name at least one referee. It can be one
of your teachers, or someone who knows you well.
In your covering letter you must include the information about your
reasons for writing and your reasons for wanting the job; you must give short
reference to your education and work experience which may suggest that you
are suitable for the job.
You must organize your covering letter according to the sample ar-
rangement (see ex. I).
Use formal language to write your covering letter.
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UNIT III
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM: GENERAL SURVEY – PROFESSIONAL FOCUS:
WATER SUPPLY IN HONG KONG – VOCABULARY:
PHRASAL VERBS – GRAMMAR: THE PASSIVE VOICE – SPEAKING:
JOB INTERVIEW
Pre-reading task
Check the following words in the dictionary: network, watershed, raw,
aquifer, means for delivery, point of treatment, water treatment plant, water
storage, distribution, point of consumption, loop / branch topology, disrupt, accommodate, equipment failure, transfer, gravity feed, maintain, require, current
demand, leakage, fire fighting.
Reading
Read the text and guess the following: engineered components,
groundwater, microwave radio networks, design / modify (system), affect,
stand-alone system, interconnect zones, compressed air, master planning.
WATER SUPPLY NETWORK
A water supply network is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components, including:
1) a watershed or geographic area that collects the water;
2) a raw (untreated) water reservoir where the water gathers, such
as a lake, a river, or groundwater from an underground aquifer;
3) a means for delivery from the source to a point of treatment, such
as (underground) piping, uncovered ground level aqueducts and/or tunnels;
4) water purification, such as a water treatment plant;
5) transmission from treatment, through pipes to treated water storage,
that may be either elevated or ground level;
6) distribution through piping / water mains from storage to consumption (at houses, fire hydrants, industrial use points). The product, delivered
to the point of consumption is fresh water or drinking water.
Like electric power lines, roads, and microwave radio networks, water
systems may have a loop or branch network topology, or a combination
of both. The piping networks are circular or rectangular. If any one section
of water distribution main fails or needs repair, that section can be isolated
without disrupting all users on the network.
Most water supply systems are divided into zones. Sometimes systems
are designed for a specific area and then are modified to accommodate development. Each zone may operate as a stand-alone system, but there is usually
some arrangement to interconnect zones in order to manage equipment failures or system failures.
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The energy that the system needs to deliver the water is called water
1 2 3
pressure. That energy is transferred to the water in a number of ways:
by a pump, by gravity feed from a water source (such as a reservoir or a water
tower) or, in smaller systems, by compressed air.
Water supply systems are usually owned and maintained by local governments, such as cities, but are sometimes operated by a commercial enterprise. Water supply networks are part of the master planning of communities. Their planning and design requires the expertise of city planners and
civil engineers, who must consider many factors, such as location, current
demand, future growth, leakage, pressure, pipe size, pressure loss, fire fighting flows, etc.
Comprehension check
I. Answer the questions.
1. What components make up a water supply system?
2. What stages does water go through before it comes to our houses?
3. What are the main shapes used for water supply networks? Why?
4. How is water pressure created?
5. Who is responsible for maintaining local water supply systems?
II. Say which components of water supply network these photos
represent.
III. Find one mistake in each sentence.
1. Untreated water is distributed through piping from storage to con-
sumption.
2. A loop topology is better than a branch one as in this system it is easi-
er to carry out repair work.
3. Water pressure is obtained only by a pump.
4. Those who own the local water supply system have to operate it.
5. Water supply networks require the expertise only of builders who
consider how building hydraulic facilities function.
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