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Файл:English for civil engineers. Учебное пособие
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4. We hear of gases (apply) to produce the flame temperature of 6000
degrees F.
5. I object to acetylene (mix) with air in the workshop.
6. We are against transport (pollute) the atmosphere.
7. The inventor made a report on the laser (use) in surgery.
II. Make up sentences containing Gerundial constructions.
1) being, cheap, the air, used, is, because of, its, in welding;
2) steel, oxygen, being used, we know of, in making;
3) nobody doubted about, this device’s, being up-to-date;
4) does not mind, the student, the teacher’s, helping;
5) our, objects to, the professor, carrying out the experiment.
III. Open the brackets and use construction with Gerund.
1. They were all interested (they, to visit) the friends in America.
2. I do not like (she; to read) my letters.
3. I cannot understand (he; to be) in love with a bad-tempered girl like Ann.
4. Many English are disappointed (prices for houses; to get higher and
higher).
5. Mother is not happy (her daughter; to spend all her money on her
mobile phone).
6. Do you mind (I; sing in class)?
7. Nobody saw (she; to leave) the party.
SPEAKING
GIVING A PRESENTATION (2)
I. Read the presentations and find out which of the two is the conclusion.
1. Take a look at these figures. They clearly highlight how a combination
of two significant external factors affected our business in the first two quarters of this year. One important factor is the oil price, the second the development of the euro against the dollar. In 2006 we exported nearly two-thirds
of our products to the US and Canada. Since then oil has become much more
expensive and so has the euro. Let me show what this means for our export
business – I’ll just write some figures on the board.
2. Now let me come back to the key points of my talk. As I told you,
in the quarter 52% of our revenues (доходы) came from overseas. This is in
the line (согласуется) with the targets we set out in 2006 when we decided to
rely on overseas markets, especially China, to keep growing. In the past three
months we’ve added more new customers in China than in any other country.
Now what are our targets for the next few months? The first major step will be
the introduction of our PayPal service in China. And then we will focus on
finding customers in existing markets, such as Germany, who haven’t tried
buying from our website yet.
Which phrases and grammar forms helped you state the conclusion?
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II. As a matter of fact any presentation consists of three parts: open-
ing (o), main part (m) and conclusion (c). Classify the following sentences
according to their purpose.
1. Let me summarize the most important results. (с)
2. I appreciate you taking the time to come here today.
3. I’m the new human resources manager.
4. Let’s move on to the next point.
5. With respect to prices, we need more details.
6. Before I stop, let me go through the main issues once more.
7. I’m here today to present our new product.
8. Thank you very much for your attention.
9. I think we first need to identify the problem.
10. If we don’t solve this problem now, we’ll get into serious trouble soon.
11. Now I’m approaching the end of my presentation.
12. Let’s now look at the next slide.
13. Let me thank you all for being here today.
14. Now I’ll be happy to answer any questions you may have.
15. The information I give you today should help you with planning your
next steps.
16. I’d like to draw your attention to the figures in the chart.
17. This brings us directly to my next question.
18. Let me introduce myself.
19. According to the survey, our product is in great demand.
20. We have all the facts. Now why not put them into practice?
21. There are a few things regarding the quality.
22. I think that’s everything I wanted to say.
23. You can see the next pie chart.
III. Complete the presentations (1, 2) in ex. I. Think of the presented
product and work out the opening, the main part and the conclusion
of your presentation. You can make use of the phrases from ex. II.
Study the tips to make your presentation, translate them into Russian.
In the main part of your presentation:
briefly state your topic and objective again;
signal the beginning and the end of each section;
at the end of each section summarize the main facts.
In the concluding part of your presentation:
signal the end of your talk;
summarize the key points again;
make your final statement;
invite questions.
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WATER PURIFICATION: PRE-TREATMENT AND TREATMENT
PROPER – PROFESSIONAL FOCUS: SAFETY OF THE NATION’S
WATER – VOCABULARY: PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY –
GRAMMAR: THE INFINITIVE – WRITING: WRITING AN E-MAIL
Pre-reading task
I. Read the following word combinations and guess the meaning
of the underlined words.
1) pump water from a deep well / pump air out of the reservoir ____________;
2) remove the knife from the table / remove rubbish _______________;
3) utilize wastes / utilize rubbish __________________;
4) work at a plant / gas processing plant _________________________;
5) strong odour of perfume / smell odours _____________________;
6) dissolve sugar in water / dissolve paint _____________________;
7) ozone layer / layer of paint / protective layer __________________;
8) harmful to health / harmful habit (about smoking) __________________.
UNIT VI
II. Recall the information that is concerned with sewage purification
(Unit V) and think of two main stages in raw water purification.
Reading
Skim the text and find out the procedures raw water goes through
during the stages of water purification.
WATER PURIFICATION
Water purification is the process of removing contaminants from a raw
water source. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water). Water purification includes the following stages: pre-treatment
and treatment proper. Pre-treatment implies the following procedures:
a) pumping; b) screening; c) storage; d) pre-conditioning; e) pre-chlorination.
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Pumping
The majority of water must be pumped from its source and directed into pipes. To avoid adding contaminants to the water, this physical infrastructure must be made from appropriate materials and constructed so that accidental contamination does not occur.
Screening
The first step in purifying surface water is to remove large debris such as sticks, leaves, trash
and other large particles. Most deep groundwater does not need screening before other purification steps.
Water from rivers may also be stored in bankside reservoirs for periods between a few days
and many months to allow natural biological purification to take place. This is especially important if treatment is by slow sand filters.
Storage
Many waters rich in hardness salts are treated with soda-ash (Sodium carbonate) to precipitate
calcium carbonate out utilizing the common ion effect.
Pre-conditioning
In many plants the incoming water is chlorinated to minimize the growth of fouling organ-
isms on the pipe-work and tanks.
Pre-chlorination
The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being
treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected
of the processed water.
Treatment proper
Filtration
Filtration is the final step to remove remaining suspended particles.
The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves vertically
through sand which often has a layer of activated carbon above the sand. The top
layer removes organic compounds, which contribute to taste and odour. Mem-
brane filters are widely used for filtering both drinking water and sewage (for
reuse). Membrane filters are an effective form of treatment when it is desired to
reuse the water for industry, for limited domestic purposes, or before discharging the water into a river that is used by towns further downstream. However no
filtration can remove substances that are actually dissolved in the water such as
phosphorus, nitrates and heavy metal ions. Slow sand filters may be used where
there is sufficient land and space as the water must be passed very slowly
through the filters. The filters are carefully constructed using graded layers
of sand with the coarsest sand, along with some gravel, at the bottom and finest
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sand at the top. An effective slow sand filter may remain in service for many
weeks or even months.
Disinfection
Disinfection is completed both by filtering out harmful microbes and also
by adding disinfectant chemicals in the last step in purifying drinking water. Water is disinfected to kill any viruses and bacteria which pass through the filters.
Chlorination is the most common disinfection method. Chlorine is a strong oxidant that rapidly kills many harmful micro-organisms. All forms of chlorine are
widely used despite their respective drawbacks. Chlorine dioxide is another faster-acting disinfectant. Chloramines are other chlorine-based disinfectants. Water
distribution systems disinfected with chloramines may experience nitrification.
Ozone (O3) is a very strong, broad spectrum disinfectant that is widely used
in Europe. It works well against almost all pathogens. To use ozone as a disinfectant, it must be created on site and added to the water by bubble contact. Some
of the advantages of ozone include the production of relatively fewer dangerous
by-products (in comparison to chlorination) and the lack of taste and odour produced by ozonation. UV radiation (light) is very effective at inactivating cysts.
The main disadvantage to the use of UV radiation is that, like ozone treatment, it
leaves no residual disinfectant in the water. That’s why it is sometimes necessary
to add chloramines.
Comprehension check
I. Answer the questions.
1. What pre-treatment procedures serve as initial steps in general water
purification process?
2. Why does raw water have to be stored before its distribution to con-
sumption points? What does storage add to water purification?
3. Do all kinds of water go through pre-conditioning stage?
4. What types of filters are the most common and why?
5. Which is the last step in purifying drinking water?
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type of disinfection?
Vocabulary
I. Find the nouns derived from these verbs and translate them into
Russian.
Verb Noun
contaminate – загрязнять
consume – потреблять
purify – очищать
treat – очищать, обрабатывать
screen – просеивать
store – хранить
serve – служить
disinfect – дезинфицировать
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II. Find an opposite for each word in the text and complete the chart.
Positive Negative
______________ contamination
______________ coarse
advantage ______________
treat ______________
rapid ______________
_______________ raw (water)
first (step) ______________
________________ contaminant
Speaking
Make presentations on the following topics: 1) “Arrangement of water
treatment procedures”; 2) “Means of filtration”; 3) “Disinfectants and their
properties”.
PROFESSIONAL FOCUS
SAFETY OF THE NATION’S WATER
Read the part preceding the text and answer the questions.
1. Who is the speaker?
2. What is the subject of the report?
3. Where and when is the event to take place?
Date: 11/14/2001
Session: 107th Congress (First Session)
Witness(es): Richard G. Luthy
Credentials: Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford
University and Chair, Water Science and Technology Board,
National Research Council, The National Academies
Chamber: House
Committee: Science Committee, U.S. House of Representatives
Subject: H.R. 3178 and the Development of Anti-Terrorism Tools
for Water Infrastructure
Read the text again and state its genre. Find the arguments to prove
your ideas.
Good morning, Chairman Boehlert and members of the committee.
Thank you for the invitation to discuss the security of our nation’s water systems. I have prepared remarks relevant to the current high interest in safe
water supplies. The following comments explain the water system, how it may
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be vulnerable to intentional acts, and what actions should be taken and research done to better protect and improve the water system infrastructure.
Since the sad events of September 11, we now question the vulnerability
of our water systems to deliberate attack or sabotage. Aside from concerns
about the vulnerability of our water systems to intentional acts, another reality
is that many components of our water systems are aging and need repairs, replacements, or upgrades. Now in the context of September 11 we are looking
at the infrastructure of our water systems in a new light and thinking about
things that must be done to protect our water systems from intentional acts.
Firstly we need better monitoring for early warning of the intentional
addition of chemical or biological agent to the water supply. Much can be done
to improve this situation. Most analytical equipment is highly automated and
could very likely be made more autonomous with new technologies. The
chemical industry and some of our national laboratories are developing
“chemical analysis on a chip” for hand-held, portable, chemical analysis systems, and “canary on a chip” for detection of hazardous compounds in the
work place. With modification, such systems may be useful in routine monitoring of water supplies for a broad spectrum of compounds, both known and
unknown. Innovations in nanotechnologies hold promise for rapid screening
of chemical and biological agents.
Secondly interconnecting water supply systems offers greater assurance that if one component of the water supply system is lost then other water supplies may be put online to transfer water through stand-by conduits.
Similarly, water distribution systems could be interconnected so that one locality may help another under emergency conditions.
Thirdly we should think of new ways of supplying and treating water.
Examples include the installation of robust, stand-by systems that could deal
with chemical or biological threats. Fortunately, advances in membrane and
oxidative technologies can be brought to bear on this problem. In water reuse,
a fundamental design paradigm is to install multiple barriers that provide
adequate safeguards in converting wastewater to potable water. These barriers may extend from the water treatment plant to include the distribution
system and point of use.
Fourthly top priority should be given to protect physical structures for
water storage that serve large populations and that would be very difficult
to replace, and to maintaining water quality through better monitoring and
new treatments and incorporating the concept of multiple barriers.
In closing, answers to the questions discussed and designing effective
solutions to key problems will require broad-based studies comprising university and governmental research establishments, professional organizations, practitioners, and operators, as well as advice from groups like the National Research Council. The challenges are great but so are the resources
to make our water safer than ever before. A $50 million program would seem
to be the minimum for engineering analysis and problem solving, scientific
developments, and evaluation of water policies for the breadth of issues confronting the safety of our nation’s water supply, treatment, and distribution
67
systems. It will be critical that any new research program be organized and
administered with great rigor, including an independent peer review process,
to assure that the best research is pursued and the best results are obtained.
The needs are too great to do otherwise.
Again, thank you for the opportunity to discuss the safety of our nation’s
water systems. I will be happy to answer any questions you may have.
Comprehension check
I. Decide whether the sentences are true or false.
1. The key subject of the discussion is the security of the nation’s water
systems.
2. The reporter’s first concern is vulnerability of the nation’s water sys-
tems to natural disasters.
3. According to the reporter only new computing technologies can help
to protect the nation’s water supply networks.
4. The reporter is sure that interconnection of water supply systems can
provide better safety.
5. The reporter states that multiple barriers have been installed at each
treatment plant.
6. The reporter assured the members of the committee that the storage
points are well-protected and there’s no need to take extra measures.
7. $50 is not enough to initiate the national programme on water supply
systems security.
Vocabulary
I. Find the best translation(s) for these words and word combinations with regard to their contextual surrounding. If no one variant fits
the context, suggest your own translation.
1) security of the nation’s water systems: a) безопасность национальных водных систем; b) безопасность государственной системы водоснабжения;
2) vulnerable to intentional acts: a) уязвимый перед преднамеренным
терактом; b) подверженный нападению со стороны;
3) vulnerability to deliberate attack or sabotage: a) уязвимость перед
хорошо спланированным терактом или саботажем; b) подверженность
акту нападения или саботажа;
4) aging: a) устаревший; b) старый;
5) early warning: a) раннее предупреждение; b) своевременное предупреждение;
6) “chemical analysis on a chip”: a) компьютерный химический анализ; b) химический анализ на чипе;
7) routine monitoring: a) повседневный мониторинг; b) рутинный
контроль;
8) hold promise: a) дать обещание; b) держать обещание;
9) offer greater assurance: a) предложить ′большие гарантии; b) дать
серьезные обещания;
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10) transfer water through stand-by conduits: a) транспортировать воду по запасным трубопроводам; b) переправлять воду посредством резервных трубопроводов;
11) under emergency conditions: a) при чрезвычайных обстоятельствах; b) в крайнем случае;
12) robust stand-by systems: a) сильная запасная система; b) укрепленная резервная система;
13) advances in oxidative technologies: a) прогресс в окислительных
технологиях; b) достижения в технологиях окислительных процессов;
14) provide adequate safeguards: a) предоставлять адекватную защиту; b) обеспечивать надлежащие меры безопасности;
15) top priority: a) высшее преимущество; b) вопрос/дело первостепенной важности;
16) in closing: a) в завершении; b) в конце (выступления);
17) design effective solutions to key problems: a) разработать эффективные решения ключевых проблем; b) выработать эффективные решения ключевых проблем;
18) the challenges are great but so are the resources: a) ставки высоки,
также как и ресурсы; b) задачи грандиозны, но ресурсы того стоят;
19) the breadth of issues: a) большой круг вопросов; b) широта проблем;
20) independent peer review process: a) независимый равный по положению обзорный процесс; b) процедура независимой экспертизы,
проводимой специалистами в данной области.
II. Translate the sentences from the text containing the words
and word combinations from I.
Speaking
I. Read the opening and the closing parts of the report again
and render them in indirect speech. Use the verbs given below.
A. “Good morning, Chairman Boehlert and members of the committee.
Thank you for the invitation to discuss the security of our nation’s water systems. I have prepared remarks relevant to the current high interest in safe water
supplies. The following comments explain the water system, how it may be vulnerable to intentional acts, and what actions should be taken and research done
to better protect and improve the water system infrastructure.”
B. The challenges are great but so are the resources to make our water safer than ever before. A $50 million program would seem to be the minimum for
engineering analysis and problem solving, scientific developments, and evaluation of water policies. It will be critical that any new research program be organized and administered with great rigor. The needs are too great to do otherwise. Again, thank you for the opportunity to discuss the safety of our nation’s
water systems. I will be happy to answer any questions you may have.
______________________________________________________________
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add / assure / remind / remark / state / thank / encourage / tell / inform / announce / emphasize
E.g. Pr. Luthy greeted Chairman Boehlert and the members of the committee. He thanked them… Then the reporter…
In closing Pr. Luthy reminded the members of the committee that…
II. Find six or seven key sentences in the text that can reflect
the whole context, paraphrase them and comment on the main points
of the report.
III. Complete the interview with Pr. Luthy. Match the questions
and the answers.
a) How can interconnecting of water supply systems help the situation?
b) What organizations will be involved in the programme? c) Do you think our
nation’s water supply systems are in danger now? d) How much will the pro-
gramme cost? e) What is the top priority in your programme? f) What must be
done without delay? g) Can you explain their function?
Interviewer: 1__________________________________________________?
Pr. Luthy: Yes, sure. Now in the context of September 11 one of our first
concerns should be the vulnerability of our water systems to intentional acts.
Interviewer: 2___________________________________________________?
Pr. Luthy: Firstly we need better monitoring for early warning of the in-
tentional addition of chemical or biological agent to the water supply. We
need new technologies and innovations for rapid screening of chemical and
biological agents.
Interviewer: 3___________________________________________________?
Pr. Luthy: Well, in interconnecting systems if one component is lost
then other water supplies may be put online. The system will work even under emergency conditions.
Interviewer: One of your suggestions is to use multiple barriers.
4
_____________________________________________________________?
Pr. Luthy: In water reuse multiple barriers provide adequate safeguards
in converting wastewater to potable water. These barriers may extend from
the water treatment plant to include the distribution system and point of use.
Interviewer: 5___________________________________________________?
Pr. Luthy: It’s protection of physical structures for water storage as they
serve large populations and are very difficult to replace.
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