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Файл:English for civil engineers. Учебное пособие
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Vocabulary
State the words from which these nouns are derived. Translate
the nouns: delivery, treatment, purification, transmission, storage, distribution,
consumption, combination, development, arrangement, equipment, pressure,
elevation, government, planner, location, growth, leakage, construction.
Work out a grammar rule!
Speaking
I. Sum up the contents of the text.
II. Make up a scheme for a typical water supply network illustrating
the first paragraph of the text. Make presentation of your project in class
using the words from the box.
PROFESSIONAL FOCUS
WATER SUPPLY IN HONG KONG
Skim the text and find out what three sources of water are exploited
in Hong Kong.
Hong Kong's two main sources of water are rainfall from natural catchments and supply from Guangdong Province. Shortage of natural storage reser-
voir sites led to the construction of Hong
Kong's first “reservoir in the sea” at Plover
Cove – the Plover Cove Reservoir. The initial
scheme, completed in 1967, was created by
damming and draining an inlet of Tolo Harbor
and had storage of 170 million cubic meters.
The storage was increased in 1973 to 230 million cubic meters by raising the dam. A similar
but larger scheme at High Island, completed in
1978, has a capacity of 281 million cubic meters. The total storage capacity of Hong Kong’s
reservoirs is 586 million cubic meters.
Dongjiang: Shenzhen water
supply system
Dongjiang is Hong Kong's major source
of water, and will meet all future increase in
demand. An interesting fact about the waterworks is the seawater supply systems with
their separate networks of distribution mains,
pumping stations and service reservoirs. In
2002/03, an average of about 650 000 cubic
meters of seawater was supplied each day.
Desalination has become another source of
water supply in Hong Kong.
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The supply is now fully treated by chemical coagulation, sedimentation
A B
(at most treatment works), filtration, pH value correction, chlorination and
fluoridation. The water is soft in character and conforms in all respects – both
chemically and bacteriologically – to standards for drinking water set
by the World Health Organization.
Translation
I. Translate the words from box A with the help of your dictionary
and the words from box B without any, trying to guess their meaning from
the context.
create
inlet
harbor
total capacity
in demand
waterworks
average
coagulation
sedimentation
source of water
catchments
storage reservoir
distribution mains
scheme
increase
major
desalination
conform to
in all respects
II. Find the best way to translate the following phrases: 1) shortage
of natural storage reservoir sites led to; 2) the initial scheme was created
by damming and draining an inlet; 3) the storage was increased by raising
the dam; 4) …will meet all future increase in demand;5) networks of distribution
mains; 6) soft in character; 7) conforms to standards for drinking water.
III. Give a literary translation of the whole text.
VOCABULARY: PHRASAL VERBS
Presentation
I. Learn the meanings of the following multi-word verbs:
a) look at – to turn your eyes towards smth. so that you see it –
смотреть на;
look for – to try to find smth. that you have lost – искать;
look after – to take care of someone by helping them; to be responsible
for dealing with smth. – заботиться, ухаживать; присматривать;
look up – to try to find information searching for it in a book, on a com-
puter – искать (информацию).
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b) give in – to unwillingly (неохотно) agree to someone’s demands after
they have spent a lot of time arguing with you – уступать, сдаваться;
give up – to stop doing smth. especially smth. that you do regularly –
бросить (привычку); отказаться (от работы);
c) go ahead – to begin – двигаться вперед, продолжать;
go on (doing smth.) – to continue without stopping or changing –
продолжать что-то делать;
go out – to leave your house especially in order to enjoy yourself –
выходить, бывать в обществе;
d) put aside – to put down smth. you are reading or working with in order to do smth. else – отложить в сторону;
put down – to write smth. especially a name or number on a piece of paper or on a list – записать;
put forward – to suggest a plan, proposal in order to start discussions –
предлагать (план);
put out (fire) – to make a fire stop burning – тушить (пожар);
put up with – to accept an unpleasant situation or person without com-
plaining – примириться.
II. Translate the word combinations into Russian: 1) look at the report; 2) look for a new job; 3) look after the business; 4) look up the word in the
dictionary; 5) give up a promising career in engineering; 6) go ahead with this
deal; 7) go on working automatically; 8) go out to relax; 9) put aside the papers;
10) put the phone number down in the book; 11) put forward the theories;
12) put up with discomfort.
Practice
I. Find the proper alternative.
1. Mr. Wilson asked the chief manager to look at/after/for the company
while he is away.
2. If you can’t guess the word look it up/for/at in the dictionary.
3. What are you looking at/after/for? – I don’t know how to handle this
machine but I can’t find the instruction.
4. He gave in/up a job in a big company to become an artist.
5. The most of board voted against the budget and he had to give in/up.
6. Do you agree to go on/ahead with this deal? – Of course, you can go
on/ahead developing our business.
7. The plan put aside/forward/down by Mr. Baker got unanimous approval.
8. Will you repeat your surname? I’ll put it up/down/forward to remem-
ber it better.
9. No smoking here, sir. Will you put out/down/aside your cigarette?
10. The situation is beyond control, we can’t put up/out/down with it
any longer.
II. Make use of the phrasal verbs from exercise I in the sentences
of your own.
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Presentation
I. Complete the following sentences with the verb to be in the correct
tense.
1. They ______ American. He ______ English.
2. Last week they ________ in London, and she ________ in Chicago.
3. She _______ _______ to Spain twice, but we ________ never ________ there.
4. She _______ in the office next week.
II. Write in the Past Simple and the Past Participle of the following
verbs.
Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
give
invent
introduce
call
expose
use
make
compress
put
find
develop
see
repair
III. Read the sentences, state the difference between them and translate them into Russian.
GRAMMAR: PASSIVE VOICE
Active Passive
Today scientists make their
Scientific experiments today are
experiments in well-equipped
made in well-equipped laboratories
laboratories
An American chemist, Julian Hill
invented nylon in the early 1930s.
Nylon was invented in the early
1930s.
This building company has built
Three new business centers have
three new business centers this
been built in the city this year
year
Soon people will use nanotechnologies in different spheres
Soon nanotechnologies will be used
in different spheres
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IV. Before reading the text, try to memorize these words: shape memory materials – материалы с памятью формы, introduce – внедрять,
smart – умный, expose – подвергать воздействию, thread – нить, metal
alloy – металлический сплав, cut - разрез, darken – темнеть, climbing
rope – альпинистский канат, develop – разрабатывать, minor accident –
малейшая неисправность, repair – чинить, ремонтировать.
Read the text and say if it is about new materials discovered
by scientists or about the people who develop these materials.
Engineering has been given a great stimulus, when the first shape memory materials were invented. These materials were introduced in the 1980s.
Shape memory materials are called “smart” because they can change their
shape when they are exposed to the environment.
Plastic polymers are used in medicine to make plastic threads. Medical
implants are made from metal alloys which are easily compressed. So they can
be put inside the patient’s body through a small cut. Some shape memory materials are found in the lenses of sunglasses, because they darken in the sunlight. Special shape memory crystals are used in climbing ropes. The crystals
change the colour and it’s a signal of overweight.
New shape memory materials are being developed in scientific laboratories now. In the nearest future many different things will be made of “smart”
materials. One day new cars will be seen on our roads. They will be made from
shape memory materials and a minor accident will be repaired by leaving
the car in the sun!
Think of the best heading for the text!
V. In the columns below write in the passive verb forms from the text.
Present
Simple
Past
Simple
Present
Continuous
Present
Perfect
Future
simple
were invented
Complete the rule!
Большинство глаголов в тексте в страдательном залоге. Закончи
правило: Страдательный залог глагола (The Passive Voice) образуется
при помощи __________ + the _____________. В предложениях, содержащих активный залог (The Active Voice), действие направлено от подлежащего
на дополнение (объект) – Shakespeare wrote Hamlet, а в предложениях,
где есть страдательный залог, действие направлено на _____________ –
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
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VI. Retell the story about “smart” materials using the verbs from ex. V.
VII. Put the questions to the following answers.
1. _______________________________________________________________?
In 1980s.
2. _______________________________________________________________?
Because they can change their shape.
3. _______________________________________________________________?
Plastic threads are made from plastic polymers.
4. _______________________________________________________________?
From metal alloys.
5. _______________________________________________________________?
Yes, they will.
Grammar rule
Страдательный залог употребляется тогда, когда неизвестно или
неважно, кто выполняет действие (see Table 2 in the Appendix):
Rome wasn’t built in one day. (Рим построили не за один день.)
The article is published in today’s newspaper. (Эта статья опубликована в сегодняшней газете.)
Лицо, исполнявшее действие, может вводиться при помощи предлогов by или with:
The house was built by my grandfather.
The room was filled with smoke.
Practice
I. Circle passive or active verb form. Then translate the sentences.
1. The door makes / is made from glass.
2. Derek posted / was posted his letter to the university today.
3. We did a lot of work for the company but we didn’t pay / weren’t paid.
4. My friend Douglas speaks / is spoken seven languages.
5. A new hospital will build / will be built in the town centre.
6. You can’t come in here – the room is cleaning / is being cleaned.
7. We have invited / have been invited to John’s party tonight.
II. Complete the sentences using the verbs in one of the following
forms – The Simple Present Passive / The Past Simple Passive / The Future
Simple Passive / The Present Perfect Passive.
1. The roof of the building (damage) in a storm a few days ago.
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2. Many accidents (cause) by dangerous driving.
3. A decision (not make) until the next morning.
4. This road was in very bad condition. But it (repair) and now it is one
of the best roads in the city.
5. This pipe (make) from plastic.
6. Some serious measures (take) already to change the situation for the
better.
7. The letter (send) to this address tomorrow morning.
III. Rewrite the sentences. Instead of using “somebody”, “they”
or “people”, write a passive sentence.
1. Somebody cleans the room every day. – The room is cleaned every day.
2. Somebody accused me of failing the researches. – I was…
3. People don’t use this road very often.
4. Somebody is using the computer at the moment.
5. They are building a new ring road round the city.
6. They have built a new hospital near the airport.
7. They have postponed the meeting.
IV. Write questions using the passive. Use The Present or The Past
Simple Passive.
1. Ask about the telephone. (when / invent) – When was the telephone
invented?
2. Ask about glass. (how / make)
3. Ask about Australia. (when / discover)
4. Ask about silver. (what / use for)
5. Ask about television. (when / invent)
V. Put the verb into the correct form, active or passive.
1. It’s a big factory. Five hundred people (employ) here. – are employed
2. Water (cover) most of the Earth’s surface.
3. This room looks different – it (paint) recently.
4. The letter (post) a week ago and it (arrive) yesterday.
5. The repair (do) only the next week.
6. I saw an accident last night. I (call) an ambulance, but nobody (in-
jure), so the ambulance (not need).
7. Tom gets a higher salary now – he (promote).
8. Ann can’t use her office now – the house painters (redecorate) it now.
9. The photocopier broke down yesterday, but now it is OK. It (work)
again. It (repair).
10. The park gates (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.
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SPEAKING
JOB INTERVIEW
I. Put these questions into the correct place in the interview. Read
the interview in pairs and say what sort of job Patrick White wants to get.
a. How long did you work there?
b. Can you specify the terms of payment and the working hours?
c. Why do you want the job?
d. Can you work weekends?
e. When can you start?
f. Why did you quit?
g. What work experience do you have?
Interviewer So Mr. White, you’d like to work for us.___________________?
Patrick White Well, I’m looking for a job now and the position of sales
manager you offer suits me, I think. And of course I have all necessary qualifications required for the position.
Interviewer I’ve read your references; they are excellent I should say.
_______________________?
Patrick White Last year I worked in a building material store, first as
salesman, then, five months later, I was promoted to sales manager.
Interviewer _______________________________?
Patrick White For eight months.
Interviewer ___________________________?
Patrick White It’s the crisis. Many employees were made redundant.
Me too.
Interviewer I see. Mr. White, some more questions. Are you ready to
work under pressure? ________________________?
Patrick White Yes, sure. In my last job I had to work six days a week.
Interviewer Good. Do you have any questions to me?
Patrick White Yes. _________________________________________________?
Interviewer Sure. You’ll start on £800 and if you do well we’ll review it
after three months. The hours are from nine to five thirty, with an hour for
lunch and a fortnight’s holiday. Does that suit you?
Patrick White Yes, sure.
Interviewer __________________________?
Patrick White Tomorrow!
II. Read the interview again and act it out with your partner.
III. Make up similar interviews. Apply for these jobs: geodesist / entry-
level engineer in a plumbing department / draftsman in an architectural bureau.
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UNIT IV
FROM THE HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY –
PROFESSIONAL FOCUS: FROM THE HISTORY OF AQUEDUCTS AND WA-
TER PURIFICATION –
VOCABULARY: PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY – GRAMMAR:
THE PARTICIPLE I / THE PARTICIPLE II – SPEAKING:
GIVING A PRESENTATION (1)
Pre-reading task
Find the Russian equivalents for the English words and word combinations.
in relation to
decay
anticipate
counterpart
serve as
medieval
gushing springs
pool
conduit
water-carrier
satisfactory
offensive to the sight
outlet (of a sewer)
pass a bill
in spite of
cattle
on alternate days
drought
rely on
take into consideration
трубопровод, акведук
засуха
средневековый
отвратительный на вид
крупный рогатый скот
относительно, что касается
принять законопроект
удовлетворительный
водоем, пруд
сток
служить в качестве
копия, дубликат
полагаться на
через день
разрушаться, приходить в упадок
бьющий из-под земли источник
водоналивное судно
взять во внимание, учесть
несмотря на
предвосхищать
Reading
Read the text and guess the following: more or less, large-scale
schemes, outbreaks of cholera, luxury, per capita.
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FROM THE HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY
Water is power not only in the hydraulic sense, but in relation
to progress and culture; war campaigns have been lost and communities have
decayed for want of water.
Nature has provided prototypes for most of man’s devices – the rivers
anticipated water distribution systems, and tanks, cisterns and reservoirs
have their natural counterparts in water-holes and natural pools.
Long after man had found ways and means to organize water supplies,
streams and pools in their natural state have served as communal water supplies, even in more or less civilized Europe.
Many of the so-called “wells” of medieval Britain, for example, were untouched pools or gushing springs. In old writing the term “well” may not mean a
dug well at all but a surface pool adopted as a communal or regular water supply.
The history of conduits or public fountains as communal water supplies
starts in the 13th century. In the “conduit age” – the centuries immediately following the Middle Ages a water carrier was a common sight.
The 17th century marks the beginning of the new order in communal organization, the beginning of large-scale schemes. But until modern times the
question of water supply continued to be a problem. In the 18th century even
with the appearance of large water companies the water supply in London,
for example, was far from being satisfactory. It was a usual practice at the time
to supply water for two hours every second day. At York, before the formation
of the present water company in 1846 one half of the city was supplied for
2 hours on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays and the other half on Tuesdays,
Thursdays and Saturdays, no supply being given on Sundays. Water drawn from
the river Thames was in a state that was offensive to the sight because the intake
was found to be only three yards from the outlet of a great sewer. As a matter
of fact there were 2 outbreaks of cholera and only after that, in the middle
of the 19th century, the Parliament passed a bill for an improved water supply.
In spite of the progress made in the field of water supply in many countries, there is much to be done yet. In Asia, Africa, Central and South America
outside the great cities, methods are primitive as ever they were; village
ponds are still used in Africa and Asia for drinking, washing and bathing and
as watering places for cattle. In Madagascar in recent years people have had
to carry their water bottles several miles and they have trained themselves
to do with the minimum of water, drinking only on alternate days and never
washing during a drought.
In Japan running water is still a luxury, even in the great cities: the average household has to carry water from a central source, while the villages rely
on springs and streams.
The speedy industrialization of our country has also made the problem
of water very acute. The recently adopted Law on Land also takes the problem
into consideration. In Moscow water consumption per capita is very high, it is
more than 500 liters per day. Some projects of new water treatment stations
are to satisfy the growing needs of water in our capital.
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