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Файл:English for civil engineers. Учебное пособие
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Dear Sir,
I’m writing to enquire about your latest catalogue. We’re very interested in the goods you offer. We would be grateful if you could send us the
catalogue and price list.
We look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully.
Answer the questions.
1. Does the sender know the name of the addressee?
2. Do you think the sender writes in his own name or in the name
of a firm?
II. The sender received the catalogue and the price list. He decided
to book some goods from the catalogue. Complete the letter using some
phrases above.
Require delivery / should be obliged / are pleased to inform you / would
like to place.
From: Jones@freeserve.com
To: Elal@Warsaw.ac.pol
Subject: Re: ordering
Dear Sir Pokrovsky,
Thank you for your letter and the catalogue and price list.
We _________________________ that we find your conditions satisfactory
and _____________________ an initial order as follows:
5000 envelopes (cream) $10 per packet (Item № 60032)
10000 sheets paper (cream) $20per packet (Item № 60034)
500 notebooks 30$ per packet (Item № 60079)
Please note that we ___________________ of these articles by 30th July
at the latest.
We _____________________ if you could confirm receipt of this order.
Yours sincerely,
Ben Jones.
III. Make up your own e-mail: a) ordering smth.; b) asking for job
application.
81
APPENDIX I
I/we/you/they + V
I + am + Ving
I/we/you/they + have +
I/we/you/he/
she/it/they +
I + was + Ving
I/we/he/she/it/you/
they
ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN TABLES AND SCHEMES
Indefinite (Simple) Continuos Perfect
Таблица 1
Времена английского глагола
he/she/it +Vs/Ves
work(s), watch(es)
Do/Does + V…?
don’t/doesn’t + V…
*повторяющееся действие в настоящем:
usually/always/often
/sometimes/never/seldom
Present
e.g. We write a test every
Friday.
*универсальная правда
e.g. The Moon moves round
the Earth.
*будущее действие
(согласно расписанию)
e.g. The train leaves
at 10 tomorrow
Ved/V2
worked, carried, took, gave
Did + V...?
didn’t + V
*действие, имевшее место
в прошлом и не связанное
с настоящим:
Past
yesterday / last week
/ 3 days ago
e.g. He met us at the station
yesterday evening.
* последовательность
действий в прошлом
e.g. He closed the window,
turned off the light and
went upstairs
he/she/it/ + is + Ving
we/you/they + are + Ving
Am/Is/Are + Ving…?
Am not/isn’t/aren’t + Ving
*действие, длящееся
в момент речи
или в отрезок времени
в настоящем
e.g. Why are you crying?
Andrew is reading up for
his exams these days.
* запланированное
будущее действие
e.g. We are playing tennis
tomorrow
He/she/it/ + was + Ving
we/you/they + were +
Ving
Was/Were + Ving…?
Wasn’t/weren’t +Ving
*действие, длившееся
в отрезок времени
в прошлом:
at 5 o’clock yesterday
/ from 5 to 6 yesterday
/ all day long / the whole
day / when he came
e.g. I was writing a letter
to my friend when Mum
came
Ved/V3
have worked
he/she/it + has + Ved/V3
has done
Have/Has + Ved/V3…?
Haven’t/hasn’t + Ved/V3
*завершенное действие,
имеющее связь с настоящим:
already/yet/ever/never
/recently/this
week/today
e.g. I’m scared because I
have lost my way
+ had + Ved/V3
had worked, had done
Had + Ved/V3…?
Hadn’t + Ved/V3
*действие, завершенное
до определенного
момента в прошлом:
by 5 o’clock yesterday
/ before he came / by the
end of last year
e.g. When he arrived
at the station the train
had already gone
82
I/we/he/she/it/you/they +
will + V
I/we/he/she/it/you/they
I/we/he/she/it/you/they
P
resen
t
This building company
builds
Houses
are built
very quickly now.
P
resent
This building company
is buil
d-
A new house
is being built
on that
P
resent
This building company
has just
A new house
has just
been
built
on
will work
Will + V…?
will not (won’t) + V
*будущее действие:
tomorrow / next week
Future
/ in 3 days / in 2017
e.g. I will write this exercise
tomorrow
+ will + be + Ving
Will + be + Ving…?
Won’t + be + Ving
* действие (процесс),
которое будет продолжаться какой-то отрезок
времени в будущем:
at 5 o’clock tomorrow
/ from 6 to 7 on Sunday
/ when I come
e.g. He will be writing
a letter to his friend
at 7 o’clock tomorrow
Формы Passive Voice
+ will + have + Ved/V3
will have worked, will
have done
Will + have + Ved/V3…?
Won’t + have + Ved/V3
*действие, которое закончится к определенному моменту в будущем:
by 5 o’clock tomorrow
/ when he comes / by next
summer
e.g. He will have finished
his work when I call him
Таблица 2
Tense Active Passive
Indefinite
Continuous
Past
Future
Past
the houses very quickly.
This building company built
three new houses last year.
This building company will build
three new houses next year
ing a new house on that territory
at the moment.
This building company was
building a new house on that
territory from April till Decem-
Three new houses were built by this
building company last year.
Three new houses will be built next
year
territory at the moment.
A new house was being built on
that territory from April till December last year
ber last year
Perfect
Past
Future
built a new house on that territory.
We could see how much the area
changed after this building company had built the house.
This building company will have
built the house by September
that territory.
We could see how much the area
changed after this building had
been built.
This house will have been built by
September
83
Формы причастия I глаголов to translate и to go
Д
ействительный
залог
С
традательный
залог
Определение
Having
run a long
dis
tance
Пробежав
длинную диста
н-
Определение
Определение
Именная часть соста
в
ного
She looked
surprised
.
У нее
удивленный
вид.
The poem was
learned
Стихотворение
было
вы-
Когда
ему давали
время
Таблица 3
Неперфектное
(Non-Perfect)
Перфектное
(Perfect)
(Active)
translating being translated
going _____
having translated having been translated
having gone _____
(Passive)
Употребление причастия I
Функция причастия I Пример Перевод
Определение
(перед определяемым
словом)
(после определяемого
слова)
Running water is pure.
Barking dogs seldom bite.
Bite
The boy playing in the yard
is my brother
Проточная вода чистая.
Лающие собаки редко
кусают
Мальчик, играющий
во дворе, мой брат
Таблица 4
Обстоятельство
the sportsman was tired.
While running, the
sportsman tried to breathe
regularly
цию, спортсмен устал.
Во время бега спортсмен
старался равномерно дышать
Таблица 5
Употребление причастия II
Функция причастия II Пример Перевод
(перед определяемым
словом)
(после определяемого
слова)
именного сказуемого
Часть простого
сказуемого
A written letter lay
on the table
I received a letter written
by my mother
The door is locked
by the pupil by heart.
He has just come
Написанное письмо
лежало на столе
Я получил письмо,
написанное мамой
Дверь заперта
учено учеником наизусть.
Он только что пришел
Обстоятельство
When given time to think, he
always answered well
84
подумать, он всегда
хорошо отвечал
Глаголы, допускающие и герундий, и инфинитив
Verb Gerund Infinitive
Таблица 6
continue – продолжать
like (love) – любить
dread – страшиться,
бояться, опасаться
loathe – ненавидеть
hate – ненавидеть
remember – помнить
forget – забывать
regret – сожалеть
How long will you continue
working?
I like cooking. (enjoy in general)
I dread having to visit the
dentist.
He loathes travelling by air.
(in general)
She hates getting to the theatre late. (= strong dislike)
I remember posting your letter. (= have a memory of the
act)
I forgot calling you the day
before. (about the past action)
I regret saying that you were
mistaken. (the action occurred earlier in time)
He continued to live with his
parents after his marriage.
I like to cook my meals. (find it
good or right)
I dread to think what may happen.
I loathe to have to put up here.
(in particular)
I hate to trouble you. (= regret)
He remembered to post a letter.
(= didn’t forget to do it)
Don’t forget to call me tomorrow. (the action occurs at the
same time or later)
I regret to say that you were mistaken. (= I’m sorry that I must
now tell you…)
Try knocking at the back door
try – пытаться,
пробовать
prefer – предпочитать
be afraid (of) – бояться
begin – начинать She began crying. I began to feel dizzy.
start – начинать It started raining. It is starting to snow.
stop – остановиться,
прекратить
cease – прекратить,
приостановить
if nobody hears you at the
front door. (= do smth. as an
experiment)
I prefer walking to cycling.
(in general)
I don’t like dogs. I’m always
afraid of being bitten. (there’s
a possibility that smth. bad
will happen)
He stopped smoking on his
doctor’s advice. (= he doesn’t
smoke any more)
The factory has ceased mak-
ing bicycles.
Try to get here earlier. (= make
an attempt)
I prefer to walk here. (in particular / now)
He was afraid to tell his parents
that he had broken the neighbors’ window. (don’t want to do
smth. because it is dangerous or
the result might be unpleasant)
He stopped to smoke. (= in order
to smoke)
The old German Empire ceased
to exist in 1918.
85
Таблица 7
Герундий / придаточное предложение
Verb Gerund “That-clause”
admit – признавать
deny – отрицать
report – сообщать
suggest –
предполагать
acknowledge –
допускать, признавать
anticipate – ожидать
foresee – предвидеть
fancy – нравиться,
воображать,
представлять себе
imagine – воображать
He admitted having done
wrong.
He denied knowing anything
about the plan.
He reported having seen the
escaped convict.
I suggest going home.
He acknowledged having been
frightened.
He didn’t anticipate being
treated like that.
She didn’t fancy going out.
(like the idea)
I can’t imagine marrying a girl
of that sort. (= form a picture in
the mind)
He admitted that he had made the
same mistake again.
He denied that the statement was
true.
It is reported that the expedition
has already come back.
I suggested that he should see a
specialist immediately.
He refused to acknowledge that
he had been defeated.
The directors anticipated that demand would fall.
I fancy that he is in for a disappointment. (=get the idea)
Don’t imagine that I can lend you
money every time you need it. (=
get the idea)
86
APPENDIX II
TEXTS FOR SIGHT TRANSLATION
Text 1
Man requires different types of buildings for his activities. Houses,
flats and bungalows for his living, colleges and universities for his education; offices, factories, banks and shops for doing work; bus stations, railway buildings and air terminals for transportation cinema houses, theatres
for worship. Each type of the buildings has its own requirements.
The history of development of housing facilities reveals that man has
been molding his environment. The Egyptians constructed huge pyramids.
India still has many old cave temples with halls and rooms having beautiful
carvings. The Greeks developed a style of proportions of building elements;
these proportions are known as the Orders of Architecture. The Romans
developed arched for vaults and domes. During the Gothic period of architecture (1100–1500 A.D.) churches with pointed arches and ribs supporting
masonry vaults were constructed.
Text 2
A man, who has been an apprentice for sonic years in a building trade
and has therefore enough skill to be considered a skilled worker at his
trade, is called tradesman or craftsman .
Hе mау be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, slater-and-tiler,
plumber, electrician, house painter, glazier, floor-and-wall tiler, plasterer,
paper-hanger. Steeplejack, hot water fitter and so on.
Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and
joints salt glazed stoneware drains, sets chimney pots, manhole frames and
fireplaces. He renders brickwork, including the insides of mаnholes. A sewer
and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer. In some districts of Great
Britain, bricklayers also fix trail and flooring tiles, and slating and lay plaster
and granolithic floors. But elsewhere these are plasterer's specialties.
Text 3
Stresses within building
The ultimate purpose of building techniques is to create a stable structure. In mechanical terms structures are stable when all their parts are
87
in a state of rest. Walls and roofs can crack and collapse if they are not properly designed. These movements are caused by forces that tend to push or pull
bodies in a given direction. Forces acting on any part of a building are, first, its
own weight and, second, the loads it carries, principally from other parts but
also from persons, furnishing, wind. Their action encounters a reaction in opposing forces that hold the part in place by resisting at its joints. These forces
may be active in all directions, and they must be balanced for stability.
Within the part itself there are forces, too, that tend to resist any deformation. They are called stresses, and they vary according to the strength
of materials and the form of the part. The kinds of stress under consideration are compression, which resists crushing; tension, which resists pulling
apart; and bending, which occurs when one part of a construction is
in compression and the other is in tension.
Text 4
Imaging atoms
Observing and studying objects that range in size from millimeters
to nanometers interests everyone. This fascinating science is microscopy,
its methods are applied to every field of science and technology from biology and chemistry to physics and engineering.
Many scientists today are working with single atoms or molecules.
To do their work they have to be able to “see” atoms and molecules in some
way. Optical instruments used for producing a magnified image of a small
object are known as microscopes. The first compound microscope was
created by a Dutch spectacle-maker Z. Janssen in 1595. It was simply a tube
with lenses at each end. Having been modified and improved this microscope is used today giving us the possibility of viewing individual cells.
The various modern microscopes are as follows (следующие):
an electron microscope, a proton microscope, an ultraviolet microscope. An
electron microscope produces images by using electrons and electron
lenses. In a proton microscope a beam of protons is used instead of electrons. All modern powerful microscopes are combined with computers.
Text 5
Air pollution as the major problem of the day
Since the 19th century we are getting increasingly worried about industry polluting breathing air in densely populated cities where the great
of majority of people live.
88
Not all air pollutants are man-made. For billions of years the air has
been polluted by volcanoes throwing out tons of ash and smoke. However,
having discovered fire man added much to natural pollutants by burning
fossil fuels. Sherlock Holmes for example, observed London “pea-soupers”
(лондонские желтые туманы), blanketing the city for days. That’s because
Londoners used soft coal (битуминозный уголь) for heating their houses.
Let us review what we know about combustion. All fossil fuels naturally contain hydrogen, carbon and sulphur, present in plants and animals.
Uniting with oxygen during combustion these gases result in forming water
and releasing carbon monoxide (окись углерода), carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide. Besides, oxides of nitrogen are produced in the air whenever
there are high temperatures, be it (будь то) a car spark or a lightning
stroke. These natural processes have far-reaching consequences.
The oxides reacting with water in the air produce carbonic, nitric,
nitrous, sulphuric acids. Acid rains have damaging effects on materials and
the environment. An excess of nitrogen in the air, greater than the ecosystems are able to absorb results in destructing the biological balance of the
soils and water. In the layers of the air close to the ground photochemical
pollution causes the formation of “bad ozone”, called so because of its destructing effect on human health and vegetation. And vice versa, the “good
ozone” protecting us from solar ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere is
being depleted by mainly from traffic and by chlorofluorocarbons.
The ozone layer depletion has damaging effects on human health and
the environment. The greenhouse effect consists in atmospheric gases absorbing in infrared radiation, reflected from the surface of the earth. When
not reflected back into space the energy is absorbed and transformed into
heat. Without the natural greenhouse effect the average temperature on the
earth would be -18˚C. However since the industrial revolution, the concentration of greenhouse gases proves increasing. Thus, today we are facing
the prospect of global warming with all its unpleasant consequences.
Text 6
Steel quality
Steel is basically iron with a carbon content of 1.7 percent or less.
Adding carbon makes the metal harder, but also more brittle, less resistant
to stress and shock. As tools differ, steel is matched with a suitable carbon
content for each tool. Tool-quality steel must have at least (по крайней
мере) 0.6 % of carbon content. Obviously, the quality of each tool depends
on the skill of the smith; so many old tools are still in use today. These “water-hardened steel” (сталь, закаливаемая в воде) tools are made of carbon
89
steel and hold a very keen edge. Yet, they have a serious drawback. These
tools tend to rust easily: a carbon-steel drill bits, for example, will dull
quickly when used in electric drill.
In order to make a better steel, metallurgists experiment with various
alloy ingredients. Adding tungsten or molybdenum results in high-speed
steel resisting a great heat build-up (увеличение). Chromium and nickel
make steel stainless and rustproof.
In addition to creating alloys, manufactures also improve the techniques of steel making. They have developed special heat-treating ovens
and slow-quenching (медленное охлаждение) methods so that temper
and hardness could be accurately controlled.
Text 7
Combustion and its consequences
Let us review what we know about combustion. All fossil fuels naturally contain hydrogen, carbon and sulphur, present in plants and animals.
Uniting with oxygen during combustion these gases result in forming water
and releasing carbon monoxide (окись углерода), carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide. Besides, oxides of nitrogen are produced in the air whenever
(при) there are high temperatures, be it (будь то) a car spark or a lightning
stroke. These natural processes have far-reaching consequences.
The oxides reacting with water in the air produce carbonic, nitric,
nitrous, sulphuric acids. Acid rains have damaging effects on materials and
the environment. An excess of nitrogen in the air, greater than the ecosystems are able to absorb results in destructing the biological balance of the
soils and water. In the layers of the air close to the ground photochemical
pollution causes the formation of “bad ozone”, called so because of its destructing effect on human health and vegetation. And vice versa, the “good
ozone” protecting us from solar ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere is
being depleted by mainly from traffic and by chlorofluorocarbons.
90
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