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Файл:English for Chemical Engineers (Английский язык для инженеров-химиков). Учебное пособие
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1. ______________ refer to the use of nanotechnology in electronic
components.
2. ______________ is the study of the behavior of light on the nanometer
scale, and the interaction of nanometer-scale objects with light.
3. ______________ is a branch of nanoscience studying fundamental
mechanical properties of physical systems at the nanometer scale.
4. ______________ is the study and application of phenomena,
properties, effects and mechanisms of processes connected with fast
ion transport in all-solid-state nanoscale systems.
5. ______________ are particles between 1 and 100 nanometers in size.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
7. Read and translate
В нанотехнологиях используются практические методы
исследования, анализа и синтеза, а также методы производства и
применения продуктов с заданной атомной структурой путём
контролируемого манипулирования отдельными атомами и
молекулами. Современная наука показала, что если взять очень
маленькую частицу вещества, то она может иметь совершенно новые
свойства. Частицы размерами от 1 до 100 нанометров обычно
называют «наночастицами». Наночастицы некоторых материалов
обладают очень хорошими каталитическими и адсорбционными
свойствами. Другие материалы показывают удивительные оптические
свойства, например, сверхтонкие пленки органических материалов
применяются для производства солнечных батарей.
8. Read and translate
Inorganic nanomaterials, (e.g. quantum dots, nanowires and nanorods)
because of their interesting optical and electrical properties, could be used
in optoelectronics. Nanoparticles or nanocrystals made of metals,
semiconductors, or oxides are of particular interest for their mechanical,
electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical and other properties. Nanoparticles
have been used as quantum dots and as chemical catalysts such as
nanomaterial-based catalysts. Recently, a range of nanoparticles are
extensively investigated for biomedical applications including tissue
engineering, drug delivery, biosensor. Nanoparticles are of great scientific
interest as they are effectively a bridge between bulk materials and atomic
or molecular structures. A bulk material should have constant physical
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properties regardless of its size, but at the nanoscale this is often not the
case. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials
9. Find the English equivalents for the following phrases
неорганические наноматериалы _____________________
наночастица _____________________
особый интерес _____________________
квантовая точка _____________________
тканевая инжененрия _____________________
химический катализатор _____________________
доставка лекарственного средства _____________________
независимо от размера _____________________
биодатчик _____________________
нанопровод _____________________
наностержень _____________________
оптические свойства _____________________
недавно _____________________
постоянные свойства _____________________
на наноуровне _____________________
интенсивно изучается _____________________
10. Find the Russian equivalents for the following phrases
given structure ______________________
unique properties ______________________
sized between 1 and 100 nm. _____________________
controlled manipulation ______________________
individual molecule ______________________
ultrathin film ______________________
solar battery ______________________
to be used for production ______________________
catalytic properties ______________________
completely ______________________
application of products ______________________
analysis and synthesis ______________________
as well as ______________________
some materials ______________________
inorganic nanomaterials ______________________
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11. Watch the video “Nanotechnology Future” using the link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiHTppZbWTo and answer the questions
1. What are the practical applications of nanotechnology?
2. How can we purify water using nanomaterials?
3. Is it important to use nanotechnology for medical purposes?
4. What are the advantages of nanomaterials for aircraft industry?
5. What are the unique properties of nanomaterials?
12. Read and briefly retell the content of the topic in the Russian
language
Advantages of Nanotechnologies
Molecular nanotechnology (MNT) is a technology based on the ability
to build structures to complex, atomic specifications by means of
mechanosynthesis. One proposed application of MNT is so-called smart
materials. This term refers to any sort of material designed and engineered
at the nanometer scale for a specific task. One example would be materials
designed to respond differently to various molecules; such a capability
could lead, for example, to artificial drugs which would recognize and
render inert specific viruses. Another is the idea of self-healing structures,
which would repair small tears in a surface naturally in the same way as
self-sealing tires or human skin.
Another simple example: a photosensor might passively measure the
incident light and discharge its absorbed energy as electricity when the light
passes above or below a specified threshold, sending a signal to a larger
machine. Such a sensor would supposedly cost less and use less power than
a conventional sensor, and yet function usefully in all the same applications
- for example, turning on parking lot lights when it gets dark.
Replicating nanorobots.
MNT nanofacturing is popularly linked with the idea of swarms of
coordinated nanoscale robots working together, and constructing more
nanorobots in an artificial environment containing special molecular
building blocks. One of the most important applications of MNT is medical
nanorobotics or nanomedicine. The ability to design, build, and deploy
large numbers of medical nanorobots would make possible the rapid
elimination of disease and the reliable and relatively painless recovery from
physical trauma. Medical nanorobots might also make possible the
convenient correction of genetic defects, and help to ensure a greatly
expanded lifespan. More controversially, medical nanorobots might be used
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to augment natural human capabilities. However, mechanical medical
nanodevices would not be allowed to self-replicate inside the human body,
nor would medical nanorobots have any need for self-replication
themselves since they would be manufactured exclusively in carefully
regulated nanofactories.
Utility fog
Another proposed application of molecular nanotechnology is "utility
fog" - in which a cloud of networked microscopic robots would change its
shape and properties to form macroscopic objects and tools in accordance
with software commands. Rather than modify the current practices of
consuming material goods in different forms, utility fog would simply
replace many physical objects.
Phased-array optics
Yet another proposed application of MNT would be phased-array optics
(PAO). PAO would use the principle of phased-array millimeter technology
but at optical wavelengths. This would permit the duplication of any sort of
optical effect but virtually. Users could request holograms, sunrises and
sunsets, or floating lasers as the mood strikes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology
13. Using the information from exercises 11 and 12 prepare and write a
review about the advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology.
14. Translate the following sentences into the English language
1. Существует большое количество материалов, разработанных на
основе наночастиц с уникальными характеристиками
(углеродные нанотрубки, фуллерены, графен, нанокристалы и
т.д.).
2. Одним из новых методов исследований в области нанотехнологии
является сканирующая зондовая микроскопия.
3. В нанотехнологии применяют новейшие методы
манипулирования единичными атомами и молекулами.
4. Наночастицы – это частицы размером от 1 до 100 нанометров.
5. Исследование наночастиц является приоритетным научным
направлением благодаря их широкому применению в медицине,
оптике и электронике.
6. Наночастицы некоторых материалов имеют очень хорошие
каталитические и адсорбционные свойства.
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7. Молекулярная нанотехнология рассматривает вопросы
проектирования наносистем, работающих и управляющих
наночастицами на атомно-молекулярном уровне.
15. Read and translate
Нанометр – to derive – развивать – billion – создавать – to control – в
основном – molecular self-assembly – на атомном уровне – “top-down”
approach – метод «снизу-вверх» – decade – катализатор – nanowire –
заданная структура – solar battery – недавно – quantum dot – доставка
лекарственного средства – molecular nanotechnology – углеродные
нанотрубки – by means of – сканирующая зондовая микроскопия –
phased-array optics – физическая травма – incident light –
микроскопические роботы – conventional sensor – манипулирование
атомами и молекулами – a wide range of – in accordance with –
наноэлектроника – tissue engineering – сверхтонкая пленка –
nanomechanics.
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Unit 7
A
B
1. food engineering
2. multidisciplinary field
3. applied science
4. agricultural engineering
5. knowledge transfer
6. pharmaceutical products
7. waste treatment system
8. technical support
9. materials science
10. simultaneously
11. preservation technology
12. additionally
13. process control
14. furthermore
15. waste management
16. effluents and emissions
a) сельскохозяйственное
машиностроение
b) система обработки отходов
c) с. в то же самое время
d) более того
e) пищевые технологии
f) многопрофильная область
g) материаловедение
h) кроме того
i) прикладная наука
j) технологии консервирования
k) техническая поддержка
l) жидкие отходы и
загрязняющие выбросы в
атмосферу
m) передача знаний
n) управление процессом
o) фармацевтическая продукция
p) p. контроль и утилизация
отходов
FOOD ENGINEERING AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY
1. Read and translate the international words
Disciplinary, multidisciplinary, biology, biological, pharmaceutical,
microbiology, industry, industrial, application, agricultural, principle,
effective, production, product, service, commercial, commercialization,
activity, operation, manufacture, design, installation, marketing, utilization.
2. Read and translate the verbs
To combine, to limit, to transfer, to act, to operate, to produce, to distribute,
to design, to install, to employ, to improve, to protect, to emerge, to appear,
to continue, to remain.
3. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian
equivalents in column B
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4. Read and translate
Food engineering is a multidisciplinary field of applied physical
sciences which combines science, microbiology, and engineering education
for food and related industries. Food engineering includes, but is not
limited to, the application of agricultural engineering, mechanical
engineering and chemical engineering principles to food materials. Food
engineers provide the technological knowledge transfer essential to the cost
effective production and commercialization of food products and services.
Specific food engineering activities include:
research and development of new foods, biological and pharmaceutical
products;
development and operation of manufacturing, packaging and
distributing systems for drug/food products;
design and installation of food/biological/pharmaceutical production
processes;
design and operation of environmentally responsible waste treatment
systems;
marketing and technical support for manufacturing plants.
In the development of food engineering, one of the many challenges is
to employ modern tools, technology, and knowledge, such as
computational materials science and nanotechnology, to develop new
products and processes. Simultaneously, improving quality, safety, and
security remain critical issues in food engineering study. New packaging
materials and techniques are being developed to provide more protection to
foods, and novel preservation technology is emerging. Additionally,
process control and automation regularly appear among the top priorities
identified in food engineering. Furthermore, energy saving and
minimization of environmental problems continue to be important food
engineering issues, and significant progress is being made in waste
management, efficient utilization of energy, and reduction of effluents and
emissions in food production.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_engineering
5. Answer the questions
1. What is food engineering?
2. What principles and subjects does food engineering include?
3. What are the specific activities of food engineering?
4. What are the top priorities of food engineering?
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5. What famous food factories do you know?
6. Is there a difference between food engineering and food technology?
6. Read and translate
Food technology is a branch of food science that deals with the
production processes that make foods. Early scientific research into food
technology concentrated on food preservation. Nicolas Appert’s
development in 1810 of the canning process was a decisive event. Louis
Paster’s research on the spoilage of wine and his description of how to
avoid spoilage in 1864 was an early attempt to apply scientific knowledge
to food handling. Besides research into wine spoilage, Pasteur researched
the production of alcohol, vinegar, wines and beer, and the souring of milk.
He developed pasteurization – the process of heating milk and milk
products to destroy food spoilage and disease-producing organisms. In his
research into food technology, Pasteur became the pioneer into
bacteriology and of modern preventive medicine.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_technology
7. Read and translate
Производственные процессы в пищевой промышленности можно
рассматривать как технологические операции, связанные с
подготовкой сырья, непосредственной его обработкой и получением
готовой продукции. Наиболее общие процессы пищевого
производства – это ферментация, тепловая обработка, обезвоживание
и дистилляция. Ферментацию применяют в пекарнях, пивоварении, в
производстве вина и спирта, в сыродельной промышленности.
Тепловая обработка используется в большинстве технологических
процессов при консервировании мяса, рыбы, овощей и плодов.
Обезвоживание используется при производстве растворимого кофе.
Дистилляция используется, например, в производстве спирта.
http://knowledge.allbest.ru/manufacture
8. Find the English equivalents for the following phrases
производственный процесс _____________________
научные исследования в области _____________________
консервирование пищевых продуктов _____________________
процесс изготовления консервов _____________________
событие, имеющее решающее значение _____________________
прокисание вина _____________________
58
избегать _______________________
производство уксуса _____________________
прокисание молока ______________________
пастеризация _____________________
болезнетворные микроорганизмы _____________________
профилактическая медицина _____________________
уничтожать _____________________
первая попытка _____________________
молочные продукты _____________________
спирт _____________________
9. Find the Russian equivalents for the following phrases
production process _____________________
processing _____________________
finished products _______________________
fermentation _____________________
heat processing _____________________
dehydration _____________________
distillation _____________________
cheese industry _____________________
wine production _____________________
bakery _____________________
brewing _____________________
instant coffee _____________________
alcohol production _____________________
to be considered as _____________________
food industry _____________________
meat preservation _____________________
10. Choose the following expressions to fill the gaps in the sentences:
brewing, food preservation, fermentation, pasteurization, food processing,
food industry.
1. ________________ is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids,
gases or alcohol.
2. ________________ includes the methods and techniques used to
transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption.
59
3. ________________ usually involves preventing the growth of bacteria,
drying
сушка
cooling
охлаждение
freezing
заморозка
heating
нагрев
salting, pickling
засолка, маринование
sugaring
засахаривание
smoking
копчение
canning
консервирование
jellying, curing
желирование
fermenting
ферментация
fungi, or other microorganisms, as well as retarding the oxidation of fats
that cause rancidity.
4. ________________ is a process invented by French scientist Louris
Paster during the nineteenth century.
5. ________________ is the production of beer.
6. The ________________ is a complex, global collective of diverse
businesses that supply most of the food consumed by the world
population.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
11. Find the information on the following food preservation processes
and describe them in the English language
12. Translate the following sentences into the English language
1. Пищевая промышленность – это группа промышленных отраслей,
производящих пищевые продукты.
2. В пищевой промышленности используются различные методы
обработки пищевых продуктов.
3. Важно сохранить качество пищевых продуктов и предотвратить
их порчу с тем, чтобы они были безопасны для употребления.
4. Существует пять основных методов консервации пищевых
продуктов: стерилизация излучением, стерилизация
антибиотиками, воздействие химических веществ, дегидратация и
замораживание.
5. Необходимыми составляющими любого живого организма
являются белки, жиры, углеводы, витамины, минералы и
микроэлементы.
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