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Файл:English for Chemical Engineers (Английский язык для инженеров-химиков). Учебное пособие
.pdf
4. Read and translate
An atom is the basic unit of chemistry. It consists of a positively
charged core (the atomic nucleus) which contains protons and neutrons, and
which maintains a number of electrons to balance the positive charge in the
nucleus. The atom is also the smallest entity that can be envisaged to retain
the chemical properties of the element, such as electronegativity, ionization
potential, preferred oxidation state, coordination number, and preferred
types of bonds to form (e.g., metallic, ionic, covalent). Molecules are
typically a set of atoms bound together by covalent bonds, such that the
structure is electrically neutral and all valence electrons are paired with
other electrons either in bonds or in lone pairs.
A chemical element is specifically a substance which is composed of a
single type of atom. A chemical element is characterized by a particular
number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms. This number is known as the
atomic number of the element. For example, all atoms with 6 protons in
their nuclei are atoms of the chemical element carbon, and all atoms with
92 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the element uranium.
A compound is a substance with a particular ratio of atoms of particular
chemical elements which determines its composition, and a particular
organization which determines chemical properties. For example, water is a
compound containing hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of two to one, with
the oxygen atom between the two hydrogen atoms, and an angle of 104.5°
between them.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element
5. Decide whether the statements below are true or false according to
the information in exercise 4
1. An atom consists of molecules with a fixed number of protons and
neutrons.
2. There is no difference between a chemical compound and a chemical
element.
3. Ionic bonds are formed between a cation, which is usually a metal, and
an anion, which is usually a nonmetal.
4. A covalent bond is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons
between atoms.
5. Molecules are electrically neutral and consist of atoms bound together
by covalent bonds.
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6. Answer the questions
1. What is an atom?
2. What is a molecule?
3. What is the smallest particle in the world?
4. What is a chemical element?
5. What chemical elements do you know?
6. What is a substance?
7. What is a compound?
8. What chemical compounds do you know?
9. What types of chemical bonds do you know?
7. Read the following text and make a brief report in Russian
Several terms are commonly used to characterize the general physical
and chemical properties of the chemical elements. A first distinction is
between the metals, which readily conduct electricity, and the nonmetals,
which do not, with a small group (the metalloids) having intermediate
properties, often behaving as semiconductors.
There is a broad version of element classification used in the periodic
table: actinides, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, lanthanides,
metals, metalloids, noble gases, nonmetals, and transition metals. In this
system, the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals, as
well as the lanthanides and the actinides, are special groups of the metals
viewed in a broader sense.
Another commonly used basic distinction among the elements is their
state of matter: solid, liquid, or gas, at a selected standard temperature and
pressure.
Each element has its own physical and chemical properties. Melting and
boiling points, typically expressed in degrees Celsius at a pressure of one
atmosphere, are commonly used in characterizing the various elements. The
density at a selected standard temperature and pressure (STP) is frequently
used in characterizing the elements. Density is often expressed in grams per
cubic centimeter (g/cm3).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element
8. Find the Russian equivalents for the following phrases
distinction _____________________
element classification _____________________
intermediate properties _____________________
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alkali metals _____________________
alkaline earth metals _____________________
standard pressure _____________________
at selected temperature _____________________
in a broader sense _____________________
various elements _____________________
to be expressed in grams _____________________
gram per cubic centimeter _____________________
semiconductor _____________________
to conduct electricity _____________________
transition metal _____________________
noble gas _____________________
periodic table _____________________
9. Find the English equivalents for the following phrases
полупроводник ______________________
также как ______________________
температура плавления ______________________
плотность выражается в г/см3 ______________________
градусы Цельсия ______________________
щелочные металлы ______________________
при заданном давлении ______________________
переходный метал ______________________
промежуточные свойства ______________________
инертное соединение ______________________
периодический закон ______________________
кипение ______________________
щелочноземельные металлы ______________________
отличие ______________________
10. Look at periodic table and read all elements using the examples
below:
Li – [L I] – Lithium
Fe – [F E] – Iron
Co – [C O] – Cobalt
The names of all chemical elements are given in Appendix 1.
33
11. Answer the questions
1. What classifications of chemical elements do you know?
2. What is the practical application of the periodic table of the elements?
3. What does the Periodic Law state?
4. Show the noble gases and read their names.
5. Show the alkali metals and read their names.
6. Show the alkaline earth metals and read their names.
7. What is the atomic number of lead?
8. What is the atomic number of iron?
9. How many elements are there in the periodic table?
10. What is the difference between metals and nonmetals?
11. Why is argon classified as a noble gas?
12. What is the heaviest chemical element?
12. Listen to the song “Chemical Elements”
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUDDiWtFtEM&list=RDzUDDiWtFtEM)
and sing it together with your friends.
13. Translate the following Russian texts about chemical elements into
the English language:
Бор – элемент периодической таблицы Д.И. Менделеева с атомным
номером 5. Обозначается символом B. Бор - бесцветное, серое или
34
красное кристаллическое либо тёмное аморфное вещество. Известно
NaCl
N A C L
Sodium chlorine
Sodium chloride
Fe4N
F E four N
Iron four nitrogen
Iron nitride
Al2O
3
A L two O three
Aluminum two oxygen three
Aluminum oxide
Fe2(SO4)3
Iron two triple sulfur oxygen four
Ferric sulfate or Iron (III) sulfate
2H2+O2 → 2H2O
Two molecules of H two plus one molecule of O
two yields two molecules of H two O.
более 10 аллотропных модификаций бора. Химически бор довольно
инертен и при комнатной температуре взаимодействует только со
фтором.
Рутений – элемент восьмой группы пятого периода периодической
системы химических элементов, атомный номер 44. Обозначается
символом Ru (лат. Ruthenium). Простое вещество рутений переходный металл серебристого цвета. Относится к платиновым
металлам. Рутений не растворяется в кислотах.
Cеребро – благородный металл серебристо-белого цвета.
Температура плавления – 960°C, плотность – 10,5 г/см³. Серебро, не
растворяется в соляной и разбавленной серной кислотах. Однако в
окислительной среде (в азотной, горячей концентрированной серной
кислоте, а также в соляной кислоте в присутствии свободного
кислорода) серебро растворяется.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
14. Choose any element from the periodic table and describe its
properties.
15. Give the English equivalents for the following chemical elements
Li, Ca, H, Be, Ti, Zn, Ni, O, Cu, B, Au, Fe, Na, Co, Al, He, K, Pt, Ag, At,
Hg, Mn, Cs, In, Pb, Bi, Rb, Cr, As, Cl, Si, N, P, F, I, Xe, Ar, C, W, Sn, Os,
Mg, As, Lu, U, Pu, Mo, Y, La, Tl, Ga, Se.
16. Read the examples of chemical compounds and reactions
35
Two molecules of hydrogen plus oxygen yields
two molecules of water.
Cu+2H2SO
4
→
CuSO4+2H2O+SO
2
One molecule of copper plus two molecules of
sulfuric acid forms one molecule of copper sulfate
plus two molecules of water plus one molecule of
sulfur oxide.
Pb(OH)2 →
PbO+H2O
Heating of lead hydroxide leads to the formation
of lead oxide and water.
ZnCO3+2HNO
3
→
Zn(NO3)2+CO2+H2O
The reaction between zinc carbonate and two
molecules of nitric acid results in the formation of
zinc nitrite, carbon dioxide and water.
Read the following chemical compounds and reactions using the
examples above
1. AlF
2. AuCN
3. Ba(CHO
4. Bi
5. CH
6. Ca(NO
7. Co(NO
8. FeCl
9. H
10. Li
11. C+O
12. 2Mg+CO
13. Ca(OH)
14. KOH+CO
15. 2NH
16. Zn+2N
17. Pb(NO
18. C
19. SnO
20. Fe
6Li3
2)2
2S3
COCH3
3
2)2
3)3
3
SiO3
2
TiO3
2
→ CO2
2
→ 2MgO+C
2
+CO2 → CaCO3+H2O
2
→ KHCO3
2
3+H2SO4
+ 12 O2 → 10 CO2 + 4 H2O
10H8
+ H2 → Sn + H2O
2
+3H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3+3H2O
2O3
→ (NH4)2SO4
→ Zn(NO3)2+2NO
2O4
+ 2 KI → PbI2 + 2 KNO3
3)2
36
17. Read the following text and retell it in Russian
The reaction of two or more elements together results in the formation
of a chemical bond between atoms and the formation of a chemical
compound.
Oxidation, reduction, dissociation, acid-base neutralization and
molecular rearrangement are some of the commonly used kinds of chemical
reactions.
A combustion reaction is when oxygen combines with another
compound to form water and carbon dioxide. An example of this kind of
reaction is the burning of napthalene:
C10H8 + 12O2 → 10CO2 + 4H2O
A synthesis reaction is when two or more simple compounds combine to
form a more complicated one. One example of a synthesis reaction is the
combination of iron and sulfur to form iron (II) sulfide:
8Fe + S8 → 8FeS
A decomposition reaction is the opposite of a synthesis reaction - a
complex molecule breaks down to make simpler ones. One example of a
decomposition reaction is the electrolysis of water to make oxygen and
hydrogen gas:
2H2O → 2H2 + O2
Single displacement: This is when one element trades places with
another element in a compound. One example of a single displacement
reaction is when magnesium replaces hydrogen in water to make
magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:
Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2
Double displacement: This is when the anions and cations of two
different molecules switch places, forming two entirely different
compounds. One example of a double displacement reaction is the reaction
of lead (II) nitrate with potassium iodide to form lead (II) iodide and
potassium nitrate:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3
Acid-base: This is a special kind of double displacement reaction that
takes place when an acid and base react with each other. The H+ ion in the
acid reacts with the OH- ion in the base, causing the formation of water.
One example of an acid-base reaction is the reaction of hydrobromic acid
(HBr) with sodium hydroxide:
HBr + NaOH → NaBr + H2O
http://misterguch.brinkster.net/6typesofchemicalrxn.html
37
18. Translate the following Russian sentences into the English language
1. Химический элемент – это вид атомов с определённым
положительным зарядом ядра.
2. Атом – это наименьшая частица химического элемента,
обладающая всеми его свойствами.
3. Соединение атомов происходит в соответствии с их
валентностью.
4. Процессы, протекающие в химическом веществе или в смесях
различных веществ, представляют собой химические реакции.
5. Все химические элементы по их свойствам делят на металлы и
неметаллы.
6. Реакции подразделяются на экзотермические, которые идут с
выделением тепла, и эндотермические, в ходе которых тепло
поглощается из окружающей среды.
7. При взаимодействии кислорода с металлом образуется оксид
металла.
8. Химическая реакция горения протекает при взаимодействии
горючего газа с кислородом.
9. Реакция замещения – это реакция, в ходе которой происходит
замена одного атома или группы атомов в исходной молекуле на
другой атом или группу атомов.
10. Периодическая система химических элементов устанавливает
зависимость различных свойств элементов от заряда атомного
ядра.
19. Read and translate
Атомный − molecular − электроотрицательность −coordination number
− ядро − nuclei − ионная связь − lone pair − валентность − compound −
вещество − particular number − состав – to conduct electricity – при
заданной температуре − distinction – щелочноземельные металлы −
transition metals − инертный газ − alkali metal − кристаллическая
структура − sulfuric acid – сульфид натрия – iron oxide – карбонат
кальция – combustion reaction – реакция замещения – synthesis reaction
– кислотно-основная реакция – periodical law – соединение – lead –
натрий – tungsten – азот – potassium – две молекулы воды – inert –
бесцветное вещество – to dilute – соляная кислота – oxidation –
промежуточные свойства – molecular rearrangement – полупроводник –
38
to envisage – определять – to be composed of – выражаться в граммах –
Element
Volume percent
Nitrogen
78.08
Oxygen
20.95
Noble gases
0.94
Carbon dioxide
0.03
Aqueous vapour, impurities
>0.01
atomic number – характеризовать – to retain.
20. Look at the diagram “Chemical Elements in the Earth’s Crust”
and read the description
The pie chart shows the distribution of chemical elements in the Earth’s
crust. The content of the chemical elements is expressed in weight percent.
Oxygen takes the largest part of the Earth’s crust, 49.4% of the total
content. The second place is taken by silicon, 25.8%. The content of
aluminum is 7.5%. Iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium occupy just 4.7,
3.4, 2.6, and 2.4%, respectively, while the content of magnesium, hydrogen
and titanium together is less than 2%. 0.8% of the content is shared
between all other chemical elements.
Almost 99% of the Earth’s crust minerals are made up of ten elements.
Most of these elements are found combined with other elements as
compounds.
Fig. 4.1 Chemical elements in the Earth’s crust
21. Look at the table “Atmospheric composition”, draw a pie chart and
write its description using the example in Exercise 20.
Table. Atmospheric composition
39
Unit 5
A
B
1. artificial material
2. precipitation
3. light absorption
4. flame test
5. emission spectrum
6. gravimetric analysis
7. equivalence point
8. electromagnetic radiation
9. mass spectrometry
10. magnetic field
11. electrochemical cell
12. with the unaided eye
13. calorimetry
14. separation process
15. metal ion
16. electroanalytical method
a) точка эквивалентности
b) поглощение света
c) электрохимическая ячейка
d) невооруженным глазом
e) магнитное поле
f) искусственный материал
g) ион металла
h) спектр испускания
i) процесс разделения
j) реакция в пламени
k) калориметрия
l) осаждение
m) гравиметрический анализ
n) электромагнитное
излучение
o) электроаналитический
метод
p) масс-спектрометрия
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY METHODS
1. Read and translate the international words
Analysis, analytical, separation, identification, component, indication,
classical, instrumental, extraction, distillation, apparatus, absorption,
chromatography, electrophoresis, clinical, procedure, reagent,
thermogravimetric, calorimetry, emission, fluorescence, titration,
microscope.
2. Read and translate the verbs
To analyze, to separate, to identify, to determine, to achieve, to base, to
detect, to weight, to add, to measure, to view, to focus on, to accomplish, to
provide, to probe.
3. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian
equivalents in column B
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