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Файл:English for Chemical Engineers (Английский язык для инженеров-химиков). Учебное пособие
.pdf
4. Read and translate
Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and
quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial
materials. Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the
chemical species in the sample, while quantitative analysis determines the
amount of one or more of these components. Analytical methods can be
classified as classical and instrumental ones. Classical methods use
separations such as precipitation, extraction, and distillation and qualitative
analysis by color, odor, or melting point. Quantitative analysis is achieved
by measurement of weight or volume. Instrumental methods use an
apparatus to measure physical quantities of the analyte such as light
absorption, fluorescence, or conductivity.
Classical Methods
Qualitative analysis determines the presence or absence of a particular
compound, but not its mass or concentration.
Chemical test is designed to prove the existence of a chemical compound
or chemical group with the aid of a specific reagent.
Flame test is a procedure used in chemistry to detect the presence of
certain metal ions, based on each element's characteristic emission
spectrum.
Gravimetric analysis involves determining the amount of material present
by weighing the sample before and/or after some transformation.
Titration involves the addition of a reactant to a solution being analyzed
until some equivalence point is reached.
Instrumental Methods
Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the molecules with
electromagnetic radiation.
Mass spectrometry measures mass-to-charge ratio of molecules using
electric and magnetic fields.
Electroanalytical methods measure the potential (volts) and/or current
(amps) in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte.
Calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measure the interaction of
a material and heat.
Separation processes (chromatography, electrophoresis) are used to
decrease the complexity of material mixtures.
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects that
cannot be seen with the unaided eye.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry
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5. Answer the questions
1. What does analytical chemistry study?
2. What are the main classifications of analytical methods?
3. What is the difference between classical and instrumental methods?
4. What method do you use to determine the presence of certain materials
in a compound?
5. Is microscopy a qualitative or a quantitative method?
6. What does mass spectrometer measure?
7. What properties can we measure using instrumental methods?
6. Read and translate
An optical spectrometer is an instrument used to measure properties of
light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used
in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. The variable measured is
most often the light intensity but could also, for instance, be the
polarization state. The independent variable is usually the wavelength of
the light or a unit directly proportional to the photon energy, such as wave
number or electron volts, which has a reciprocal relationship to wavelength.
A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and
measuring their wavelengths and intensities. Spectrometer is a term that is
applied to instruments that operate over a very wide range of wavelengths,
from gamma rays and X-rays into the far infrared rays. The majority of
spectrophotomers are used in spectral regions near the visible spectrum.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_spectrometer
7. Read and translate the text into the English language using the
diagrams of atomic force microscope
Атомно-силовой микроскоп (АСМ) – это сканирующий зондовый
микроскоп высокого разрешения. Принцип работы АСМ основан на
регистрации силового взаимодействия между поверхностью
исследуемого образца и зондом. В качестве зонда используется
наноразмерное остриё, располагающееся на конце упругой консоли,
называемой кантилевером. Сила, действующая на зонд со стороны
поверхности, приводит к изгибу консоли. Появление возвышенностей
или впадин под остриём приводит к изменению силы, действующей
на зонд, а, значит, и изменению величины изгиба кантилевера. Таким
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образом, регистрируя величину изгиба, можно сделать вывод о
рельефе поверхности.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
43
8. Find the Russian equivalents for the following phrases
AFM
an instrument of high resolution
operational principle
to be based on
interaction force between
sample surface
a probe
nanosized sharp tip
a deflection of the cantilever
a force acting to the probe
to cause bending of the cantilever
roughness of the surface
to lead to
surface geometry
scanning probe microscope
study s ample
определенная часть
независимая переменная
интенсивность светового излучения
состояние поляризации
длина волны
прямо пропорционально энергии
волновое число
электрон-вольт
широкий диапазон
рентгеновский
инфракрасный
видимый спектр
прибор
например
9. Find the English equivalents for the following phrases
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10. Look at the diagram of a grating spectrometer and write the
description of its operating principle using exercise 6 and the following
verbs: to emit from, to rotate, to go to, to pass through, to reflect from, to
be incident to the surface at an angle, to split, to detect.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
11. Complete the description of nuclear magnetic resonance using the
following words and phrases: equilibrium, range, however, as large as,
nuclei, principle, methods, properties, analysis, radiation.
NMR spectroscopy, or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a
spectroscopic ______________ that uses the nuclear magnetic resonance
_____________ to manipulate the spin states of atomic ______________
to investigate physical and chemical ____________. Samples that are
typically studied ___________ from single atoms, molecules, molecular
clusters, proteins, nucleic acids, micelles and nanoparticles, up to objects
___________ humans. It manipulates the distribution of energy states by
exciting the atoms with electromagnetic ____________, and observing the
electromagnetic signals emitted as the high energy states relax back to an
________________state.
NMR spectroscopic techniques are used extensively for structural
elucidation of natural products and for quantitative ____________ of
components of complex mixtures such as body fluids. ___________, its
applications are not limited to these systems; and NMR spectroscopy has
been used for the study of matter in disordered, ordered and partially
ordered systems such as gases, liquids, quantum fluids, superconductors,
solutions, amorphous solids, crystalline solids, liquid crystals, membranes
and living organisms. NMR spectroscopic methods have also found use in
quantum computing.
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy
45
12. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian
A
B
1. conductometry
2. anode
3. electric resistance
4. weak electrolyte
5. strong electrolyte
6. electrolytic dissociation
7. cross-sectional area
8. dissolved ions
9. solution
10. current
11. voltage
12. specific conductivity
13. cathode
14. salt
15. base
a. анод
b. электрическое напряжение
с. электролитическая диссоциация
d. растворенные ионы
e. раствор
f. кондуктометрия
g. электросопротивление
h. катод
i. площадь поперечного сечения
j. соль
k. удельная проводимость
l. слабый электролит
m. основание
n. электрический ток
o. сильный электролит
equivalents in column B
13. Read the text using the terminology from exercise 12 and describe
the main principles of conductometry in the English language
Electrolytes are substances that produce free ions when they are placed
into a solvent such as water. Their molecules split up into individual atomic
components, which form ions, in a process called dissociation. Positively
charged ions are cations, and those with a negative charge are anions. Due
to the presence of free ions, electrolyte solutions behave as an electrically
conductive medium.
Common electrolytes consist of salts, acids or bases. Electric properties
of the conductor are described by Ohm's law I = U/R where I corresponds
to a current, U is a voltage and R describes electric resistance. This
resistance depends on the intrinsic properties of a conductor and on its
shape as R = ρl/S where l is a conductor's length and S is a cross-sectional
area. Every material is characterized by a specific resistance, ρ, that is
given in units of Ω⋅m (Ω - ohm, a unit of electric resistance).
Electrical properties can be expressed also through the quantity, inverse
to the resistance, conductivity. Its unit is S (Siemens), where 1S=1/Ω.
Specific conductivity is inversely proportional to the specific resistance. It
is expressed in units of S/m.
46
Conductometry means measuring the conductivity. A conductometer
measures the electrical conductivity of ionic solutions. This is done by
applying an electric field between two electrodes. The ions wander in this
field. The anions migrate to the anode and the cations to the cathode.
The measuring unit used in conductivity measurements is the electrical
resistance of the solution. This means that the conductivity is a sum
parameter which includes all dissolved ions. Conductivity cannot be used
for the determination of a single type of ion, unless the sample is a solution
of a single salt or the concentrations of the other ions are known.
http://www.rjpbcs.com/pdf/2014_5(4)/[123].pdf
14. Watch the video using the link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3gLnwbn1bg and discuss the questions:
1. Briefly describe the experimental process.
2. Describe the main parts of the conductometer.
3. What are the modes of the conductometer?
4. Explain what property the engineer measured.
5. What solution did he use?
6. Explain how the engineer analyzed the obtained results.
7. Describe the linear function in the graph.
8. What is the practical application of the presented instrument?
9. Explain what you learnt from the experiment.
15. Translate the following sentences into the English language
1. Кондуктометрия – это метод для измерения электропроводности
ионных растворов.
2. Электролит – это вещество, которое проводит электрический ток.
3. Примерами электролитов могут служить водные растворы
кислот, солей и оснований.
4. Удельная электропроводность – это величина обратная
удельному сопротивлению раствора.
5. Электрические свойства проводника описываются законом Ома.
6. Единицей измерения удельной проводимости является См/м.
7. Соль помещают в дистиллированную воду и перемешивают.
8. Для проведения эксперимента используется
кондуктометрический датчик.
9. На графике показана линейная зависимость
электросопротивления вещества от времени.
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10. Кондуктометрия нашла широкое применение для исследования
растворов твердых и жидких веществ в аналитической химии и на
производстве.
16. Read and translate
Анализ – electrochemical cell – процедура – mass spectrometry –
титрование – metal ion – микроскоп – electromagnetic radiation –
разделять – with the unaided eye – определять – equivalence point –
измерять – artificial material – сопровождать – поглощение – separation
process – взвешивать – emission spectrum – компонент – light absorption
– хромотография – precipitation – калориметрия – длина волны – high
resolution – электрон-вольт – surface geometry – прибор – scanning
probe microscope – атомный силовой микроскоп – nanosized sharp tip –
инфракрасный – roughness – рентгеновский – AFM – широкий
диапазон – conductometry – независимая переменная – salt – состояние
поляризации – acid – волновое число – base – удельная
электропроводность.
48
Unit 6
A
B
1. one billionth of a meter
2. generally
3. at least
4. conventional
5. molecular self-assembly
6. on the atomic scale
7. approach
8. molecular recognition
9. by principles
10. "top-down" approach
11. atomic-level control
12. "bottom-up" approach
13. nanoelectronics
14. nanomechanics
15. nanophotonics
16. nanoionics
a) подход
b) контроль на атомном
уровне
c) молекулярная
самосборка
d) наноэлектроника
e) в основном
f) наноионика
g) по крайней мере
h) механика наноразмерных
частиц
i) одна миллиардная метра
j) на атомном уровне
k) метод «сверху-вниз»
l) традиционный
m) метод «снизу-вверх»
n) молекулярное
распознавание
o) по принципам
p) нанофотоника
NANOMATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
1. Read and translate the international words
Nano, nanometer, billion, meter, synonym, aspect, material, process,
mechanical, structure, effect, control, medicine, electronics, biomaterial,
group, manipulation, decade.
2. Read and translate the verbs
To derive, to emphasize, to study, to involve, to develop, to range, to
investigate, to create, to include, to concern, to manipulate, to construct.
3. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian
equivalents in column B
49
4. Read and translate
Nanoengineering
Nanoengineering (nanotechnology) is the practice of engineering on the
nanoscale. It derives its name from the nanometer, a unit of measurement
equaling one billionth of a meter.
Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and
molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized
between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one dimension, and involves
developing materials or devices possessing at least one dimension within
that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of
conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon
molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions
on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on
the atomic scale.
Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up"
approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components
which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular
recognition. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from
larger entities without atomic-level control.
Areas of physics such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics,
nanophotonics and nanoionics have evolved during the last few decades to
provide a basic scientific foundation of nanotechnology.
Nanoparticles behave differently than other similarly sized particles. It
is therefore necessary to develop specialized approaches to testing and
monitoring their effects on human health and on the environment.
http://pharmatips.doyouknow.in/Articles/Chemistry/Introduction-To-Nanotechnology.aspx
5. Answer the questions
1. What does nanoengineering mean?
2. What objects does nanoscience study?
3. What are the main nanotechnology methods?
4. What is the future application of nanotechnology?
5. Why do some people discuss problems of special regulations of
nanotechnology?
6. Choose the following expressions to fill the gaps in the sentences:
nanoionics, nanoelectronics, nanoparticles, nanomechanics,
nanophotonics.
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