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9 Biolm Formation inCandida Species
251
adequate attention. This transition is not unconnected to diverse genes and regulatory proteins, many of which are yet to be explored.
Furthermore, our understanding of biolm development and regulatory mecha-
nisms remains incomplete despite recent advancements. The regulatory circuit of
biolms is not clearly and completely understood. Furthermore, there is a lack of
detailed information about the temporal regulation of biolms, particularly the
mechanisms guiding cells through later stages of the life cycle. The production and
organization of different cell types within a biolm are not fully grasped. An intriguing question is whether biolm cells exhibit ‘cell memory.’ If there is a memory,
does this memory persist after the cells have been dispersed and biolm established
in a new environment? Additionally, the functions of diverse genes that are induced
during biolm formation remain unknown. All these represent a signicant gap that
needs to be lled.
Furthermore, despite the research efforts made thus far, no specic drugs for
Candida spp. target biolms. Currently, treating infections associated with biolm
is an uphill task. However, understanding biolm formation processes in Candida
and its association with resistance to antifungals in all Candida spp. is crucial for
devising a more effective treatment strategy. The necessity for antifungal drugs with
efcacy against biolm formation cannot be overstated. Furthermore, an approach
that weakens Candida biolm initiation and production of the matrix could make
treating infections associated with this phenotype easy to handle. While various
biomaterials show promise (Fioriti etal. 2022; Mba etal. 2022), repression of some
key virulence steps like hyphae formation (Lee etal. 2019) also has potential. In a
recent investigation, the use of enzymes and botanical extracts was promising
(Jensen etal. 2023). However, combination therapy could also be more effective
(Tits etal. 2020; Vitale 2021; Fioriti etal. 2022) as every single method has advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, several recent investigations have attempted to
look into different approaches for eliminating and inhibiting biolm among Candida
species (Acosta etal. 2020; Mba and Nweze 2020a, b; Aydin etal. 2023; do Rosário
Esteves Guimarães etal. 2023; Putra Wigianto etal. 2023). For more insight on the
emerging approaches for overcoming Candida infections due to biolms, readers
are encouraged to read a recent review by Kulshrestha and Gupta (2023).
Overall, more studies are needed to understand the differences in biolm forma-
tion among the various Candida species completely and to understand how the
entire biolm process is controlled and regulated. Deciphering the fundamental
mechanisms and factors implicated in biolm formation and their association with
virulence and resistance is vital. This is important to unveil new targets for developing strategies to manage and prevent infection associated with biolms. Moreover,
future studies should also look at the molecular interactions between Candida and
other species and host immunological signatures during polymicrobial infections
involving biolm.
Conict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conict of interest.
252
M. I. Elibe and N. E. Innocent
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259
Dissemination ofCandida auris Biofilms:
AMedical Abrosia
GarimaGangwar, BhartiSingh, andRekhaPuria
Abstract
Candida auris is a newly discovered, multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen and
poses a global health risk. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of
cases and transmission in hospitals especially amongst patients hospitalized in
ICU and with suppressed immune systems. The pathobiology of this fungus is
inadequately studied. Apparently, this fungus needs to form biolms in order to
spread infection and evade medication therapy. Biolms have important function in the virulence and pathogenesis of C. auris. Transcriptome analysis
revealed that C. auris upregulates adhesin proteins PGA52, PGA26, IFF4, and
CSA1 during the formation and maintenance of biolms. Major facilitator
superfamily proteins MDR1 and RDC3 and ABC transporter proteins such as
CDR1, SNQ2, and YHD3 are induced during biolm formation. A brief overview of the biology of C. auris biolm is given in this chapter. It contains details
on several models created to comprehend biolms and the various signalling
pathways with the possibility of new therapeutic targets for the removal of the
pathogenic biolm.
10
Keywords
Candida auris · Virulence · Biolm · Antifungal resistance
G. Gangwar · B. Singh · R. Puria (*)
School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
e-mail: btphd2020003@gbu.ac.in; rpuria@gbu.ac.in
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte
Ltd. 2024
S. Hameed, P. Vijayaraghavan (eds.), Recent Advances in Human Fungal
Diseases, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4909-6_10
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