environments. For example, most hospital infections are usually due to infections associated with biolm formation in prosthetic devices like catheters. In fact, catheter- associated bloodstream infection has been a signicant issue in hospital settings (Haddadin etal. 2023; Sikora and Zahra 2023). The development and struc­tural architecture of biolms, in addition to their properties, rely on the microbial species forming them. While most microbial cells form biolm in certain environ­ments, others don’t. The formation of biolm also depends on the lineage or evolu­tionary history of the cells (Ramage etal. 2023). A nearly universal trait of cells that form biolms is their increased resistance to antimicrobial agents. They are also associated with persistent colonization and severe infections. Although a single microbial species can create a biolm, invivo formation typically involves a com­bination of different microbes. Thus, most resilient infections caused by microbes in the human hosts are due to biolm formation. Candida species form biolms. Most of the supercial and systemic fungal infections caused by Candida species are associated with biolm formation. The effect is more pronounced in immuno­compromised patients (Sims etal. 2005; Atriwal etal. 2021). Biolm formation is a major contributor to candidemia caused by the use of catheters (Pereira etal. 2021; Zuo etal. 2021; Wijaya et al. 2023), and treating these infections is particularly challenging. Differences in Candida’s resistance pattern to the available antifungal drugs, differences in their biolm-forming ability, and the diversity in virulence genes’ expression patterns make it difcult to treat most infections. Most mucosal infections are due to biolm-forming phenotypes that interact with resident com­mensals and diverse host components (Vestby etal. 2020).