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Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_953_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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FIGURE3-3Procedureforprolapsinghemorrhoids
procedurekitincludesthecircularstaplinggun,obturator, anvil,analdilator,wingedanoscopeandpurse-string threadingpiece.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

ContraindicationsforPPHhavebeenpreviouslyestablished.Aconsensus paperproducedbyaninternationalworkinggroupin2003concisely enumeratedthesecontraindications:patientswhohaveconcomitant(a) proctitis(especiallyinfectiousorrelatedtoinflammatoryboweldisease), (b)localsepsis(includingcomplexfistulaeorabscesses),(c)evidenceof significantexternalhemorrhoidaldisease(includingthrombosis),(d) analstenosis,(e)previouscoloanalanastomosis(includingpriorpouch­analprocedure),(f)full-thicknessrectalprolapse,and(g)anypatients withpreexistingsphincterinjuryorreconstructionshouldnotbe routinelyconsideredforaPPH.
PREOPERATIVEPLANNING
InformedconsentisobtainedfrompatientspriortoPPH,includinga discussionofalternatesurgicaltreatmentmethodsthatmayormaynot beappliedbasedonfindingsevidentonexaminationunderanesthesia.
Patientsself-administerasalt-based250-mlenemapriortothe surgery.Theoperationismostcommonlyperformedundergeneral anesthesia,withthepatientpositionedinhigh-dorsallithotomy.Single­doseparenteralantibioticsareadministered30minutespriortothestart oftheprocedure.Asterilegauzepadisplacedintothemid-rectallevelto occludethelumen,tokeepthesurgicalfieldascleanaspossible.A perianalandsubmucosalblockisgivenusinglong-actinglocalanesthetic agentswithepinephrinetominimizebleedingviavasoconstriction.
Ifapatienthasprolapsinghemorrhoidsaswellasasignificantexternal hemorrhoidalcomponent,wedonotadvocatesurgicalexcisionatthe timeofPPH.Theseareascanberemoved4to6weeksafterPPHorthese patientsshouldbeofferedexcisionalhemorrhoidectomy.
SURGERYAPPROACH
Whileunderanesthesia(preferablygeneral),theobturatorisgently insertedaftergradualdigitaldilationoftheanalcanal;ananorectalfield blockwiththeinfiltrationoftheanorectalringandperianalareawitha localanestheticisalsorecommended.Thecircularanaldilatorisgently insertedandheldinpositionbyfourquadrantstay-sutures(Figs.3-4and
3-5).Thedentatelineshouldbeeasilyvisualizedthroughthenowwell-
positioneddevice.
FIGURE3-4Fourquadrantstaysutureshelpevertthe
analcanalthusallowingatraumaticpassageoftheanal dilatorandobturator.
p.14
p.15
FIGURE3-5Analdilatorinplacewithprolapsingdistal
rectalmucosaexposed.
Thenextkeystepistoplacethemucosalcircumferentialpurse-string. Havingclearlyidentifiedthedentateline,thesiteofwherethepurse­stringistobeplacedisidentified.Placementcanbeawkwardbecausethe prolapsinghemorrhoidaltissuemaycontinuouslyobscurethesurgeons’ viewofthedentatelineandthesegment3–5cmabovethedentateline wherethepurse-stringshouldbeplaced.Thisstepisfacilitatedbytheuse ofthepackagedwingedanoscope(Fig.3-6).Thesuturematerialshould beplacedinastepwisefashion.Eachsequentialbiteshouldincludethe mucosaandnottherectalmuscle.Theneedleshouldbeinserted coincidenttothelaststitches’exitsite.Thisensuresthatthesutureis buriedinthesubmucosalplane.Thesurgeonshouldensurethateachbite continuesinacircumferentialmannerwithoutanydeviation,and equidistantfromthedentatelinethesutureshouldprogress circumferentially.Thisensuresthatauniversalsizedcuffoftissueis includedintheresectedspecimen.Theanvilofthestapleristhenplaced proximaltothepurse-string,andthesutureisthentiedaroundtheshaft ofthestapler,whichisthenbroughtintoaclosejuxtapositionwiththe anvilinpreparationforfiringthestapler.Thematedanvilandgunare leftatthatsettingforatleast15–30secondstoensurethattheresidual tissueedemaencompassedinthestapledsegmentdiminishesbefore completingthefiring.
FIGURE3-6Wingedanoscopemanuallyheldinposition
toallowprogressivesequentialinsertionofthepurse-string suture.
Thestaplinggunandanvilareremovedfromtherectumandthestaple lineinthelowerrectumisinspected.Bleedingtissuesareligatedwitha runningabsorbablesuture.Theremovedsegmentisinspectedtoensure thatthehemorrhoidcomplexesarefullyexcised,theringsoftheresected tissueareintactandthatnoanoderminadvertentlyincludedinthe specimenasthesurgicalobjectiveisforthestaplelinetobelocatedabove thehemorrhoidplexus.Thereshouldbeamacroscopicvisualdifference oftheappearanceoftheanorectumpostprocedure(Fig.3-2).
KEYTECHNICALPOINTSANDPEARLS
Thereareanumberofkeyanddistinctoperativemaneuversthatimprove clinicalresultsandminimizemorbidity.Whileundertakingaclassicopen hemorrhoidectomy,whereinthehemorrhoidcomplex,theanoderm,and theassociatedexternalcomponentareexcisedintoto,thePPHinstead excisesacuffofrectalmucosaabovethedentatelinethatreturnsthe prolapsedsegmentofthetissuetoitsheretoforenormalrestingposition. Itisimportanttostressatthisstagethatanyinadvertentinclusionof anoderminthestapledsegmentshouldbeabsolutelyavoided,as anodermexcisionleadstoseverechronicpostoperativepain.Thus,oneof themostimportanttechnicalpointsforPPHisensuringthestaplelineis attheproperlevel,sufficientlyproximaltothedentateline.
ThePPHalsoligatesthedistal-endarteriolarbranchesofthesuperior rectalartery,therebyreducinghemorrhoidsizeandbleedingbyreducing vascularinflow.Furthermore,replacingthisdisplaced(prolapsing)and perhapsdysfunctionalrectalmucosatoitsnativeanatomicalposition resultsinpromptcontinuationandpreservationofapatients’abilityto retaincontinence.
POSTOPERATIVEMANAGEMENT
PPHisperformedinanambulatorysetting.Ondischarge,patientsare instructedtoperformsitzbathsorwarmbathtubsoaksfor5–10minutes twicedailyforthebenefitofrelaxingtheanalsphinctermechanismand sothatthepressure-likediscomfortcommonafterPPHisdecreased; thesemeasuresmayimproveearlypostoperativebladderdysfunction. Therearenodietaryrestrictionsalthoughpatientsarerecommendedto maintainadietrichinfiber(25g/day)andwater.Anticoagulationand antiplateletmedicationsareheldforaperiodof1week,unlessthereisa specificcontraindication.Allothermedicationsarepermissibleinthe immediatepostoperativeperiod.
COMPLICATIONSANDRESULTS
ComparisonofPPHwithconventionalMilligan–Morgan hemorrhoidectomyinarandomizedcontroltrialshowedsimilarresults regardingprolapsereduction,butlesspainandaquickerreturnto normalfunctionwiththePPHmethod.Arecentsmallrandomised controltrial(RCT)comparingPPHwithconventionalexcisional hemorrhoidectomyinvolving182patientsfoundPPHresultsin significantlylesspain,suggestingitisavalidalternativetoexcisional hemorrhoidectomy,whichachievedahigherrateofpatientacceptability. Although,theoverallsymptomcontrolandsafetyaresimilarinthe majorityofthepatients,theretreatmentrateforrecurrentprolapseat1 yearishigherfollowingPPHcomparedwithconventional hemorrhoidectomy.Largerstudies(2,279patients)showedthatPPH resultedinlesspostoperativepain,shorteroperatingtime,ashorter hospitalstay,andashorterconvalescence,butahigherrateofprolapse andreinterventionforprolapse.Thislatterpointhasbeenfurther confirmedinlong-termstudies.
Althoughingeneral,PPHisasafeoperation,thereareseveral instancesinwhichseveremorbidityhasbeenreportedafterthis operation.Thesecomplicationsincluderectalperforation,retroperitoneal sepsis,andFournier’sgangrene,requiringreoperationwithaneedfora permanentstoma,andevendeath.Boththesurgeonandthepatient mostlyaccepttheserarebutveryrealrisksbeforechoosingthisoperation becauseultimatelyitistotreatabenigncondition.

CONCLUSIONS

PPHisanoperativetechniqueperformedonselectpatientswith symptomaticgradeIIorIIIhemorrhoidsandthosewhodonotharbor significantexternalhemorrhoids.Thisoperationcanbeanimportant alternativetoconventionalhemorrhoidectomy;however,thesurgeon shouldunderstandtheassociatedrisks,andpatientsshouldbewillingto acceptthoserisks.