Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_953_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
X
- •Dedication
- •Contributors
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Conclusions
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Technique
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Conclusions
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Introduction
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Acknowledgments
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Introduction
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Results
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Introduction
- •Complications
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Introduction
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Acknowledgments
- •Introduction
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Conclusions
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Conclusions
- •Introduction
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Introduction
- •Indications/Contraindications

FIGURE3-3Procedureforprolapsinghemorrhoids
procedurekitincludesthecircularstaplinggun,obturator,
anvil,analdilator,wingedanoscopeandpurse-string
threadingpiece.

CONTRAINDICATIONS
ContraindicationsforPPHhavebeenpreviouslyestablished.Aconsensus
paperproducedbyaninternationalworkinggroupin2003concisely
enumeratedthesecontraindications:patientswhohaveconcomitant(a)
proctitis(especiallyinfectiousorrelatedtoinflammatoryboweldisease),
(b)localsepsis(includingcomplexfistulaeorabscesses),(c)evidenceof
significantexternalhemorrhoidaldisease(includingthrombosis),(d)
analstenosis,(e)previouscoloanalanastomosis(includingpriorpouchanalprocedure),(f)full-thicknessrectalprolapse,and(g)anypatients
withpreexistingsphincterinjuryorreconstructionshouldnotbe
routinelyconsideredforaPPH.

PREOPERATIVEPLANNING
InformedconsentisobtainedfrompatientspriortoPPH,includinga
discussionofalternatesurgicaltreatmentmethodsthatmayormaynot
beappliedbasedonfindingsevidentonexaminationunderanesthesia.
Patientsself-administerasalt-based250-mlenemapriortothe
surgery.Theoperationismostcommonlyperformedundergeneral
anesthesia,withthepatientpositionedinhigh-dorsallithotomy.Singledoseparenteralantibioticsareadministered30minutespriortothestart
oftheprocedure.Asterilegauzepadisplacedintothemid-rectallevelto
occludethelumen,tokeepthesurgicalfieldascleanaspossible.A
perianalandsubmucosalblockisgivenusinglong-actinglocalanesthetic
agentswithepinephrinetominimizebleedingviavasoconstriction.
Ifapatienthasprolapsinghemorrhoidsaswellasasignificantexternal
hemorrhoidalcomponent,wedonotadvocatesurgicalexcisionatthe
timeofPPH.Theseareascanberemoved4to6weeksafterPPHorthese
patientsshouldbeofferedexcisionalhemorrhoidectomy.

SURGERYAPPROACH
Whileunderanesthesia(preferablygeneral),theobturatorisgently
insertedaftergradualdigitaldilationoftheanalcanal;ananorectalfield
blockwiththeinfiltrationoftheanorectalringandperianalareawitha
localanestheticisalsorecommended.Thecircularanaldilatorisgently
insertedandheldinpositionbyfourquadrantstay-sutures(Figs.3-4and
3-5).Thedentatelineshouldbeeasilyvisualizedthroughthenowwell-
positioneddevice.
FIGURE3-4Fourquadrantstaysutureshelpevertthe
analcanalthusallowingatraumaticpassageoftheanal
dilatorandobturator.
p.14
p.15

FIGURE3-5Analdilatorinplacewithprolapsingdistal
rectalmucosaexposed.
Thenextkeystepistoplacethemucosalcircumferentialpurse-string.
Havingclearlyidentifiedthedentateline,thesiteofwherethepursestringistobeplacedisidentified.Placementcanbeawkwardbecausethe
prolapsinghemorrhoidaltissuemaycontinuouslyobscurethesurgeons’
viewofthedentatelineandthesegment3–5cmabovethedentateline
wherethepurse-stringshouldbeplaced.Thisstepisfacilitatedbytheuse
ofthepackagedwingedanoscope(Fig.3-6).Thesuturematerialshould
beplacedinastepwisefashion.Eachsequentialbiteshouldincludethe
mucosaandnottherectalmuscle.Theneedleshouldbeinserted
coincidenttothelaststitches’exitsite.Thisensuresthatthesutureis
buriedinthesubmucosalplane.Thesurgeonshouldensurethateachbite
continuesinacircumferentialmannerwithoutanydeviation,and
equidistantfromthedentatelinethesutureshouldprogress
circumferentially.Thisensuresthatauniversalsizedcuffoftissueis
includedintheresectedspecimen.Theanvilofthestapleristhenplaced
proximaltothepurse-string,andthesutureisthentiedaroundtheshaft
ofthestapler,whichisthenbroughtintoaclosejuxtapositionwiththe
anvilinpreparationforfiringthestapler.Thematedanvilandgunare
leftatthatsettingforatleast15–30secondstoensurethattheresidual
tissueedemaencompassedinthestapledsegmentdiminishesbefore
completingthefiring.

FIGURE3-6Wingedanoscopemanuallyheldinposition
toallowprogressivesequentialinsertionofthepurse-string
suture.
Thestaplinggunandanvilareremovedfromtherectumandthestaple
lineinthelowerrectumisinspected.Bleedingtissuesareligatedwitha
runningabsorbablesuture.Theremovedsegmentisinspectedtoensure
thatthehemorrhoidcomplexesarefullyexcised,theringsoftheresected
tissueareintactandthatnoanoderminadvertentlyincludedinthe
specimenasthesurgicalobjectiveisforthestaplelinetobelocatedabove
thehemorrhoidplexus.Thereshouldbeamacroscopicvisualdifference
oftheappearanceoftheanorectumpostprocedure(Fig.3-2).

KEYTECHNICALPOINTSANDPEARLS
Thereareanumberofkeyanddistinctoperativemaneuversthatimprove
clinicalresultsandminimizemorbidity.Whileundertakingaclassicopen
hemorrhoidectomy,whereinthehemorrhoidcomplex,theanoderm,and
theassociatedexternalcomponentareexcisedintoto,thePPHinstead
excisesacuffofrectalmucosaabovethedentatelinethatreturnsthe
prolapsedsegmentofthetissuetoitsheretoforenormalrestingposition.
Itisimportanttostressatthisstagethatanyinadvertentinclusionof
anoderminthestapledsegmentshouldbeabsolutelyavoided,as
anodermexcisionleadstoseverechronicpostoperativepain.Thus,oneof
themostimportanttechnicalpointsforPPHisensuringthestaplelineis
attheproperlevel,sufficientlyproximaltothedentateline.
ThePPHalsoligatesthedistal-endarteriolarbranchesofthesuperior
rectalartery,therebyreducinghemorrhoidsizeandbleedingbyreducing
vascularinflow.Furthermore,replacingthisdisplaced(prolapsing)and
perhapsdysfunctionalrectalmucosatoitsnativeanatomicalposition
resultsinpromptcontinuationandpreservationofapatients’abilityto
retaincontinence.

POSTOPERATIVEMANAGEMENT
PPHisperformedinanambulatorysetting.Ondischarge,patientsare
instructedtoperformsitzbathsorwarmbathtubsoaksfor5–10minutes
twicedailyforthebenefitofrelaxingtheanalsphinctermechanismand
sothatthepressure-likediscomfortcommonafterPPHisdecreased;
thesemeasuresmayimproveearlypostoperativebladderdysfunction.
Therearenodietaryrestrictionsalthoughpatientsarerecommendedto
maintainadietrichinfiber(25g/day)andwater.Anticoagulationand
antiplateletmedicationsareheldforaperiodof1week,unlessthereisa
specificcontraindication.Allothermedicationsarepermissibleinthe
immediatepostoperativeperiod.

COMPLICATIONSANDRESULTS
ComparisonofPPHwithconventionalMilligan–Morgan
hemorrhoidectomyinarandomizedcontroltrialshowedsimilarresults
regardingprolapsereduction,butlesspainandaquickerreturnto
normalfunctionwiththePPHmethod.Arecentsmallrandomised
controltrial(RCT)comparingPPHwithconventionalexcisional
hemorrhoidectomyinvolving182patientsfoundPPHresultsin
significantlylesspain,suggestingitisavalidalternativetoexcisional
hemorrhoidectomy,whichachievedahigherrateofpatientacceptability.
Although,theoverallsymptomcontrolandsafetyaresimilarinthe
majorityofthepatients,theretreatmentrateforrecurrentprolapseat1
yearishigherfollowingPPHcomparedwithconventional
hemorrhoidectomy.Largerstudies(2,279patients)showedthatPPH
resultedinlesspostoperativepain,shorteroperatingtime,ashorter
hospitalstay,andashorterconvalescence,butahigherrateofprolapse
andreinterventionforprolapse.Thislatterpointhasbeenfurther
confirmedinlong-termstudies.
Althoughingeneral,PPHisasafeoperation,thereareseveral
instancesinwhichseveremorbidityhasbeenreportedafterthis
operation.Thesecomplicationsincluderectalperforation,retroperitoneal
sepsis,andFournier’sgangrene,requiringreoperationwithaneedfora
permanentstoma,andevendeath.Boththesurgeonandthepatient
mostlyaccepttheserarebutveryrealrisksbeforechoosingthisoperation
becauseultimatelyitistotreatabenigncondition.

CONCLUSIONS
PPHisanoperativetechniqueperformedonselectpatientswith
symptomaticgradeIIorIIIhemorrhoidsandthosewhodonotharbor
significantexternalhemorrhoids.Thisoperationcanbeanimportant
alternativetoconventionalhemorrhoidectomy;however,thesurgeon
shouldunderstandtheassociatedrisks,andpatientsshouldbewillingto
acceptthoserisks.
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана
