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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_953_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Dedication
- •Contributors
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Conclusions
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Technique
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Conclusions
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Introduction
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Acknowledgments
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Introduction
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Results
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Introduction
- •Complications
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Introduction
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Acknowledgments
- •Introduction
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Conclusions
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Conclusions
- •Introduction
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Indications/Contraindications
- •Surgery
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Conclusions
- •Introduction
- •Indications/Contraindications

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
TheauthorsthankAbdelRahmanA.OmerandIanK.H.Scotfortheir
contributionswiththischapterintheprioredition.

RECOMMENDEDREFERENCESAND
READINGS
AgachanF,PfeiferJ,JooJS,NoguerasJJ,WeissEG,WexnerSD.Resultsofperinealprocedures
forthetreatmentofrectalprolapse.AmSurg1997;63(1):9–12.
AgachanF,ReissmanP,PfeiferJ,WeissEG,NoguerasJJ,WexnerSD.Comparisonofthree
perinealproceduresforthetreatmentofrectalprolapse.SouthMedJ1997;90(9):925–32.
MarchalF,BreslerL,AyavA,etal.Long-termresultsofDelorme’sprocedureandOrr-Loygue
rectopexytotreatcompleterectalprolapse.DisColonRectum2005;48(9):1785–90.
PescatoriM,InterisanoA,StolfiVM,ZoffoliM.Delorme’soperationandsphincteroplastyfor
rectalprolapseandfecalincontinence.IntJColorectalDis1998;13(5–6):223–7.
PlusaSM,CharigJA,BalajiV,WattsA,ThompsonMR.PhysiologicalchangesafterDelorme’s
procedureforfull-thicknessrectalprolapse.BrJSurg1995;82:1475–8.
p.140
p.141
SenapatiA,NichollsRJ,ThomsonJP,PhillipsRK.ResultsofDelorme’sprocedureforrectal
prolapse.DisColonRectum1994;37(5):456–60.
SielezneffI,MaloufA,CesariJ,BrunetC,SarlesJC,SastreB.Selectioncriteriaforinternalrectal
prolapserepairbyDelorme’stransrectalexcision.DisColonRectum1999;42(3):367–73.
TsunodaA,YasudaN,YokoyamaN,KamiyamaG,KusanoM.Delorme’sprocedureforrectal
prolapse:clinicalandphysiologicalanalysis.DisColonRectum2003;46(9):1260–5.
WatkinsBP,LandercasperJ,BelzerGE,etal.Long-termfollow-upofthemodifiedDelorme
procedureforrectalprolapse.ArchSurg2003;138:498–503.
WattsAM,ThompsonMR.EvaluationofDelorme’sprocedureasatreatmentforfull-thickness
rectalprolapse.BrJSurg2000;87(2):218–22.

Chapter19
EncirclementProcedurefor
RectalProlapseintheElderly
WarrenE.LichliterandDeborahS.Keller
INTRODUCTION
Rectalprolapseoccurswhentherectumlosesitsnormalattachments,
allowingittotelescopeoutthroughtheanus.Riskfactorsforrectal
prolapseincludeadvancedage,multiparty,pelvictrauma,andchronic
constipation.Womenmorethan50yearsaresixtimesmorelikelythan
mentodeveloprectalprolapse.Theconditionisinfrequent,affecting
approximately2.5/100,000people.However,itisembarrassingforthose
affectedandcansignificantlyaffectthequalityoflife.Rectalprolapseis
progressive,associatedwithfecalincontinence,constipation,anddamage
totheanalsphinctersandpelvicnerves.Althoughanoperationisnot
alwaysneeded,thedefinitivetreatmentrequiressurgery.
Severalsurgicaloptionsexistforprolapse.Theoperationwiththe
lowestriskofrecurrenceisanabdominalrectopexy,withorwithout
resectionofthesigmoidcolon.However,inpatientswhoarefrail,have
significantmedicalcomorbidities,orhaveundergoneaprevioussurgery
forprolapse,thebestoperationmaybethesimplestandleastinvasive.
In1891,Thierschreportedasimpletreatmentforrectalprolapseby
encirclingtheanuswithasilverwire.Sincetheinitialreport,the
procedurehasbeenmodifiedinthetechnicalstepsandmaterialusedfor
encirclingtheanus.Analencirclementremainsarelativelysafeand
simpleoperation,whichmaybetheprocedureofchoiceforrectal
prolapseintheelderly.Despiteitsrelativesafetyinrecentliterature,anal
encirclementisreferencedalmostasahistoricalprocedure.

INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
Indications
Theanalencirclementmaypotentiallybeindicatedinelderlyfrail
patients,orinpatientswithfullthicknessrectalprolapsewhohavesevere
medicalconditionsthatprecludeanabdominalprocedureorgeneral
anesthesia.Anencirclementproceduremayalsobepossiblyindicatedin
patientswhohavehadmultiplepriorabdominalresectionsorpelvic
surgeries,whoarenotcandidatesforanabdominalprocedure.
Contraindications
Theprocedureiscontraindicatediftheprolapsedrectalmucosais
incarceratedoutsidetheanus.Althoughnotanabsolutecontraindication,
ifthepatientismedicallyfitforsurgery,analternativeapproachshould
beofferedforamoredurablerepairoftherectalprolapse.An
encirclementprocedureisnotindicatedforapatientwithaprolongedlife
expectancy.Anotherrelativecontraindicationisapatientwithprevious
perinealprocedureswithextensivescarringorapriorAltemeier
procedure.

PREOPERATIVEPLANNING
Patientsshouldunderstandthatsurgicaltreatmentisnotalwayscurative,
andrecurrenceofprolapseispossible.Allpatientsbenefitfromrisk
factormodification.Dietarychangesandfibertherapytomanage
incontinenceandconstipation,aswellascounselingonavoidanceof
prolongedsittingandstrainingonthetoiletmayreducethechancethata
patientwillbecomesymptomaticorsymptomswilllikelyrecur
postoperatively.Theperinealskincareshouldalsobeoptimizedpriorto
thesurgerytoreducetheexcoriationassociatedwithprolapse.
p.143
p.144
Manycandidatesforanalencirclementproceduresresideinanursing
homeorhavealimitedlifeexpectancy,sothatpreoperativeevaluation
mightbetailoredwiththesefactorsinmind.Ideally,thepatientshould
haveacompletecolonoscopytoexcludeanyproximalpathologyinthe
colon.Ifacolonoscopyisnotfeasible,acontraststudycanbesubstituted.
Thepatient’scomorbiditiesandfrailtyshouldbeevaluated,and
preoperativeclearancebymedicalandanesthesiaprovidersisobtained,
asappropriate.
Therapeuticanticoagulation,nonsteroidalanti-inflammatorydrugs,
andprophylacticaspirinarenotstoppedforthepatientswhoareon
chronictherapy,andcarefulhemostasisisensuredinthesepatients.A
liquiddietandoralandmechanicalcleansingofthecolonareprescribed
thedaybeforethesurgery.Ifthepatientistoofrailorunabletocomplete
abowelprep,alimitedenemaprepthemorningoftheproceduremaybe
adequate.Thebowelpreppriortotheprocedureisalsohelpfulin
avoidingfecalimpactionafterthesurgery.

SURGERY
Thesurgicalprocedureisbrief;allpatientsreceiveaprophylactic
intravenousdoseofantibiotics30to60minutespriortotheincisionto
coverskinflora,anaerobic,andgram-negativebacteria.Sequential
compressiondevicesareusedfordeepveinthrombosisprophylaxis.The
mostcommontypeofanesthesiausedislocalorspinalwithorwithout
intravenoussedation,whichisabenefitintheelderlyhigh-riskpatients,
butgeneralanesthesiacanbeusedifneededinmorestablepatients.In
caseswithgeneralanesthesia,agastrictubeisnotnecessary.
Positioning
Thepatientisplacedinapronepositionunlessprecludedbymedical
comorbidities.Inthiscase,theprocedureisperformedwiththepatientin
thelithotomyposition.Thebuttocksarespreadapartbytapingtothe
operatingtabletoexposetheanus(Fig.19-1).
FIGURE19-1Patientpositioning.Thepatientisplacedin
aproneposition.Thebuttocksarespreadapartwithtapeto
theoperatingtabletoexposetheanus.
Equipment
Aminorsurgicaltraywithsuction,electrocautery,localanesthesia,and
thematerialusedfortheslingarethenecessaryequipment.Theauthors
favoraSilastic(DowCorningCorporation,Auburn,MI)producttocreate
thesling(0.04mm,12×12incheslong).Thematerialisavailablefrom

TechnicalProducts(Catalogue#5017).
Technique
Theexternalsphinctercomplexispalpatedandthelateralboundsare
marked;alldissectionsareperformedexternaltothesphinctersinthe
ischiorectalfat.Agoodcushionoftissueshouldbeleftovertheexternal
sphincterasanaddedprotectionagainsterosion.Inthemarkedarea,two
incisions1to2cminlengtharemaderadiallyoffthemidlineand180
degreesapartintheleftposteriorandrightanteriorquadrants(Fig.19-
2).Amid-sizedKellyclampisusedtocreateatracthigharoundthelower
sphinctercomplexintheischiorectalfossa(Fig.19-3).Theincisionsare
connected,andtheclampisleftinplace(Fig.19-4).Thesilasticslingis
constructedonthebacktable;a1.5cmwidepieceiscutalongthe
stretchabledirectionofthesilastic(Fig.19-5).Thelengthshouldbelong
enoughtopassthroughthetracts,completelyencircletheanus,andhave
generousoverlaptosutureandsecureinplace.Thesilasticslingisthen
graspedwiththeKellyclampanddrawnbackthroughthecreatedtractin
theanteriortoposteriordirection,placingtheendsoftheslingtobe
approximatedposteriorly(Fig.19-6).Whendissecting,theoperator
shouldbecarefultoavoidenteringtherectalwallwhenpassingthesling,
andacrosstherectovaginalseptumwhichisoftenmuchattenuated.The
Kellyclampisthenpassedintheoppositedirectionthoughthe
contralateralincision.Theotherendofthesilasticslingisgraspedwith
theclampanddrawnbackthroughthetract.Thismaneuver
circumferentiallyencirclestherectumandenoughtoavoidrecurrent
prolapse(Fig.19-7AtoD).Afterthelimbsoftheslingareperfectly
overlapped.Then,atotalofthreetofive2-0Prolenesuturesareplaced
acrosstheslingintworows.Thesuturesareplacedinastaggered
fashion,assuringnonearetooclosetotheslingedgestosecurethetwo
limbstoeachother(Figure19-8).Theidealdiameterisbestdetermined
aftertheinitialsuturesareplaced.Iftheslingisfelttobetooloose,
anotherrowoftwoorthreesuturescanbeplacedtotightenthesling.The
excessslingmaterialiscutabovethesuturesandpositionedwithinthe
woundtobeclosed(Fig.19-9).Thetractsareirrigatedwithanantibiotic
solution.Then,theincisionsareclosedwithabsorbable4-0monocryl
subcuticularsutures(Fig.19-10).Antibioticointmentandasterile
dressingareplaced.

FIGURE19-2Markingtheincision.1to2cmincisionsare
maderadially180degreesapartintheleftposteriorandright
anteriorquadrantsoutsideofthesphinctercomplex.
FIGURE19-3Creatingthetract.AKellyclampisusedto
createatracthigharoundthesphinctercomplexinthe
ischiorectalfossa.

FIGURE19-4Completingtheuppertract.Theincisions
areconnected,andtheclampisleftinplace.
FIGURE19-5Constructingthesling.Thesilasticslingis
constructedonthebacktable.

FIGURE19-6Placingthesling.Thesilasticslingis
graspedwithaKellyclampanddrawnthroughthetract.
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