Добавил:
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_953_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Скачиваний:
0
Добавлен:
31.08.2026
Размер:
29 Мб
Скачать

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

TheauthorsthankAbdelRahmanA.OmerandIanK.H.Scotfortheir contributionswiththischapterintheprioredition.
RECOMMENDEDREFERENCESAND READINGS
AgachanF,PfeiferJ,JooJS,NoguerasJJ,WeissEG,WexnerSD.Resultsofperinealprocedures
forthetreatmentofrectalprolapse.AmSurg1997;63(1):9–12. AgachanF,ReissmanP,PfeiferJ,WeissEG,NoguerasJJ,WexnerSD.Comparisonofthree
perinealproceduresforthetreatmentofrectalprolapse.SouthMedJ1997;90(9):925–32. MarchalF,BreslerL,AyavA,etal.Long-termresultsofDelorme’sprocedureandOrr-Loygue
rectopexytotreatcompleterectalprolapse.DisColonRectum2005;48(9):1785–90. PescatoriM,InterisanoA,StolfiVM,ZoffoliM.Delorme’soperationandsphincteroplastyfor
rectalprolapseandfecalincontinence.IntJColorectalDis1998;13(5–6):223–7. PlusaSM,CharigJA,BalajiV,WattsA,ThompsonMR.PhysiologicalchangesafterDelorme’s
procedureforfull-thicknessrectalprolapse.BrJSurg1995;82:1475–8.
p.140
p.141
SenapatiA,NichollsRJ,ThomsonJP,PhillipsRK.ResultsofDelorme’sprocedureforrectal
prolapse.DisColonRectum1994;37(5):456–60. SielezneffI,MaloufA,CesariJ,BrunetC,SarlesJC,SastreB.Selectioncriteriaforinternalrectal
prolapserepairbyDelorme’stransrectalexcision.DisColonRectum1999;42(3):367–73. TsunodaA,YasudaN,YokoyamaN,KamiyamaG,KusanoM.Delorme’sprocedureforrectal
prolapse:clinicalandphysiologicalanalysis.DisColonRectum2003;46(9):1260–5. WatkinsBP,LandercasperJ,BelzerGE,etal.Long-termfollow-upofthemodifiedDelorme
procedureforrectalprolapse.ArchSurg2003;138:498–503. WattsAM,ThompsonMR.EvaluationofDelorme’sprocedureasatreatmentforfull-thickness
rectalprolapse.BrJSurg2000;87(2):218–22.
Chapter19
EncirclementProcedurefor RectalProlapseintheElderly
WarrenE.LichliterandDeborahS.Keller

INTRODUCTION

Rectalprolapseoccurswhentherectumlosesitsnormalattachments, allowingittotelescopeoutthroughtheanus.Riskfactorsforrectal prolapseincludeadvancedage,multiparty,pelvictrauma,andchronic constipation.Womenmorethan50yearsaresixtimesmorelikelythan mentodeveloprectalprolapse.Theconditionisinfrequent,affecting approximately2.5/100,000people.However,itisembarrassingforthose affectedandcansignificantlyaffectthequalityoflife.Rectalprolapseis progressive,associatedwithfecalincontinence,constipation,anddamage totheanalsphinctersandpelvicnerves.Althoughanoperationisnot alwaysneeded,thedefinitivetreatmentrequiressurgery.
Severalsurgicaloptionsexistforprolapse.Theoperationwiththe lowestriskofrecurrenceisanabdominalrectopexy,withorwithout resectionofthesigmoidcolon.However,inpatientswhoarefrail,have significantmedicalcomorbidities,orhaveundergoneaprevioussurgery forprolapse,thebestoperationmaybethesimplestandleastinvasive.
In1891,Thierschreportedasimpletreatmentforrectalprolapseby encirclingtheanuswithasilverwire.Sincetheinitialreport,the procedurehasbeenmodifiedinthetechnicalstepsandmaterialusedfor encirclingtheanus.Analencirclementremainsarelativelysafeand simpleoperation,whichmaybetheprocedureofchoiceforrectal prolapseintheelderly.Despiteitsrelativesafetyinrecentliterature,anal encirclementisreferencedalmostasahistoricalprocedure.

INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Indications
Theanalencirclementmaypotentiallybeindicatedinelderlyfrail patients,orinpatientswithfullthicknessrectalprolapsewhohavesevere medicalconditionsthatprecludeanabdominalprocedureorgeneral anesthesia.Anencirclementproceduremayalsobepossiblyindicatedin patientswhohavehadmultiplepriorabdominalresectionsorpelvic surgeries,whoarenotcandidatesforanabdominalprocedure.
Contraindications
Theprocedureiscontraindicatediftheprolapsedrectalmucosais incarceratedoutsidetheanus.Althoughnotanabsolutecontraindication, ifthepatientismedicallyfitforsurgery,analternativeapproachshould beofferedforamoredurablerepairoftherectalprolapse.An encirclementprocedureisnotindicatedforapatientwithaprolongedlife expectancy.Anotherrelativecontraindicationisapatientwithprevious perinealprocedureswithextensivescarringorapriorAltemeier procedure.
PREOPERATIVEPLANNING
Patientsshouldunderstandthatsurgicaltreatmentisnotalwayscurative, andrecurrenceofprolapseispossible.Allpatientsbenefitfromrisk factormodification.Dietarychangesandfibertherapytomanage incontinenceandconstipation,aswellascounselingonavoidanceof prolongedsittingandstrainingonthetoiletmayreducethechancethata patientwillbecomesymptomaticorsymptomswilllikelyrecur postoperatively.Theperinealskincareshouldalsobeoptimizedpriorto thesurgerytoreducetheexcoriationassociatedwithprolapse.
p.143
p.144
Manycandidatesforanalencirclementproceduresresideinanursing homeorhavealimitedlifeexpectancy,sothatpreoperativeevaluation mightbetailoredwiththesefactorsinmind.Ideally,thepatientshould haveacompletecolonoscopytoexcludeanyproximalpathologyinthe colon.Ifacolonoscopyisnotfeasible,acontraststudycanbesubstituted. Thepatient’scomorbiditiesandfrailtyshouldbeevaluated,and preoperativeclearancebymedicalandanesthesiaprovidersisobtained, asappropriate.
Therapeuticanticoagulation,nonsteroidalanti-inflammatorydrugs, andprophylacticaspirinarenotstoppedforthepatientswhoareon chronictherapy,andcarefulhemostasisisensuredinthesepatients.A liquiddietandoralandmechanicalcleansingofthecolonareprescribed thedaybeforethesurgery.Ifthepatientistoofrailorunabletocomplete abowelprep,alimitedenemaprepthemorningoftheproceduremaybe adequate.Thebowelpreppriortotheprocedureisalsohelpfulin avoidingfecalimpactionafterthesurgery.

SURGERY

Thesurgicalprocedureisbrief;allpatientsreceiveaprophylactic intravenousdoseofantibiotics30to60minutespriortotheincisionto coverskinflora,anaerobic,andgram-negativebacteria.Sequential compressiondevicesareusedfordeepveinthrombosisprophylaxis.The mostcommontypeofanesthesiausedislocalorspinalwithorwithout intravenoussedation,whichisabenefitintheelderlyhigh-riskpatients, butgeneralanesthesiacanbeusedifneededinmorestablepatients.In caseswithgeneralanesthesia,agastrictubeisnotnecessary.
Positioning
Thepatientisplacedinapronepositionunlessprecludedbymedical comorbidities.Inthiscase,theprocedureisperformedwiththepatientin thelithotomyposition.Thebuttocksarespreadapartbytapingtothe operatingtabletoexposetheanus(Fig.19-1).
FIGURE19-1Patientpositioning.Thepatientisplacedin
aproneposition.Thebuttocksarespreadapartwithtapeto theoperatingtabletoexposetheanus.
Equipment
Aminorsurgicaltraywithsuction,electrocautery,localanesthesia,and thematerialusedfortheslingarethenecessaryequipment.Theauthors favoraSilastic(DowCorningCorporation,Auburn,MI)producttocreate thesling(0.04mm,12×12incheslong).Thematerialisavailablefrom
TechnicalProducts(Catalogue#5017).
Technique
Theexternalsphinctercomplexispalpatedandthelateralboundsare marked;alldissectionsareperformedexternaltothesphinctersinthe ischiorectalfat.Agoodcushionoftissueshouldbeleftovertheexternal sphincterasanaddedprotectionagainsterosion.Inthemarkedarea,two incisions1to2cminlengtharemaderadiallyoffthemidlineand180 degreesapartintheleftposteriorandrightanteriorquadrants(Fig.19-
2).Amid-sizedKellyclampisusedtocreateatracthigharoundthelower
sphinctercomplexintheischiorectalfossa(Fig.19-3).Theincisionsare connected,andtheclampisleftinplace(Fig.19-4).Thesilasticslingis constructedonthebacktable;a1.5cmwidepieceiscutalongthe stretchabledirectionofthesilastic(Fig.19-5).Thelengthshouldbelong enoughtopassthroughthetracts,completelyencircletheanus,andhave generousoverlaptosutureandsecureinplace.Thesilasticslingisthen graspedwiththeKellyclampanddrawnbackthroughthecreatedtractin theanteriortoposteriordirection,placingtheendsoftheslingtobe approximatedposteriorly(Fig.19-6).Whendissecting,theoperator shouldbecarefultoavoidenteringtherectalwallwhenpassingthesling, andacrosstherectovaginalseptumwhichisoftenmuchattenuated.The Kellyclampisthenpassedintheoppositedirectionthoughthe contralateralincision.Theotherendofthesilasticslingisgraspedwith theclampanddrawnbackthroughthetract.Thismaneuver circumferentiallyencirclestherectumandenoughtoavoidrecurrent prolapse(Fig.19-7AtoD).Afterthelimbsoftheslingareperfectly overlapped.Then,atotalofthreetofive2-0Prolenesuturesareplaced acrosstheslingintworows.Thesuturesareplacedinastaggered fashion,assuringnonearetooclosetotheslingedgestosecurethetwo limbstoeachother(Figure19-8).Theidealdiameterisbestdetermined aftertheinitialsuturesareplaced.Iftheslingisfelttobetooloose, anotherrowoftwoorthreesuturescanbeplacedtotightenthesling.The excessslingmaterialiscutabovethesuturesandpositionedwithinthe woundtobeclosed(Fig.19-9).Thetractsareirrigatedwithanantibiotic solution.Then,theincisionsareclosedwithabsorbable4-0monocryl subcuticularsutures(Fig.19-10).Antibioticointmentandasterile dressingareplaced.
FIGURE19-2Markingtheincision.1to2cmincisionsare
maderadially180degreesapartintheleftposteriorandright anteriorquadrantsoutsideofthesphinctercomplex.
FIGURE19-3Creatingthetract.AKellyclampisusedto
createatracthigharoundthesphinctercomplexinthe ischiorectalfossa.
FIGURE19-4Completingtheuppertract.Theincisions
areconnected,andtheclampisleftinplace.
FIGURE19-5Constructingthesling.Thesilasticslingis
constructedonthebacktable.
FIGURE19-6Placingthesling.Thesilasticslingis
graspedwithaKellyclampanddrawnthroughthetract.