Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса. Учебное пособие

UNIT I. Lesson 4

b)в прошедшем времени: There was … .

There were … .

(an interesting lecture, two seminars, many students, a meeting, a discussion, two delegations, an EngJish textbook* dictionaries, some new teachers).

c)в будущем времени:

There will be … .

(a museum, a new computer, some operators, a lecture on economics, a laser printer, a conference, 15 terminals, a new input device).

5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Micros

Microcomputers form the most common of the four classes of general-purpose computers; the other three classes are minicomputers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. Microcomputers, besides relying on a microprocessor, are the smallest and are generally designed for a single user. Minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers all use processors built from a large number of components. Minicomputers, larger than microcomputers (up to the size of a refrigerator) are generally intended for smallto mediumsized groups of users in businesses and other organizations; their processing abilities are more robust than those of microcomputers. Mainframe computers can take up a whole room and can handle the needs of many simultaneous users while processing large volumes of data; they are most often used in large organizations and institutions. Supercomputers, the most sophisticated computers, are designed for extremely high-speed processing of huge amounts of data, often using multiple processors working together. They are most often used for performing complex computations by the government, research organizations, and large industrial groups.

Fifteen or twenty years ago most books on computers described mainframes, because mainframes were the most common. Today, though, you are more likely to use a microcomputer. The first micros

31

Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса

were sold to computer hobbyists in 1975. In 1977, Apple entered the market with the Apple II, and in 1981 IBM joined the race. Apple released the Macintosh, the cornerstone of its current computer line, in 1984. During the 1980s, literally hundreds of manufacturers began making microcomputers. The competition kept prices down, and millions of people and businesses bought micros.

As the microcomputer industry grew, computer makers constantly tried to lure new customers with more powerful machines. The typical microcomputer sold today can work with more than 200 times as much data as the first IBM PC, and it can work with that data at least 200 times as fast. In fact, many of today’s laptop and desktop microcomputers are more powerful than the minis and mainframes that dominated the market only fifteen or twenty years ago.

The power of the modern microcomputer enables it to be used for all kinds of tasks. You can use it to write papers, perform mathematical computations and analyses, and conduct research. At home you can use the same computer to communicate with friends, play games, buy airline tickets, and keep track of finances. The same computer can be used again at work for correspondence, financial analysis, compiling and analyzing data, communicating with clients, and a thousand other tasks.

Команды, сообщения

6. Термины, с которыми вы познакомились, каса-

ются оборудования компьютера (hardware), а теперь пред- лагаем несколько понятий, относящихся к программному обеспечению (software).

Byte – единица измерения информации.

Character – символ (буква, цифра, специальный знак). Command – команда, условный код, посредством которо-

го активизируется выполнение компьютером какой-либо про- граммы.

Directory – директория, каталог, представляющий собой группу файлов и субдиректорий, хранящихся на диске.

32

UNIT I. Lesson 4

Может содержать имена файлов, их размеры и даты послед- них изменений.

Error – ошибка, неверное действие, которое можете до- пустить вы или компьютер при работе с каким-либо устрой- ством или при выполнении команды.

Error message – сообщение об ошибках, которое появля- ется в случае их возникновения на экране дисплея.

File – файл, именованная совокупность данных.

Filename – имя файла

Message – сообщение, любое информационное сообще- ние компьютера.

MS-DOS – Microsoft-Disk Operating System – операцион-

ная система, хранящаяся на диске, которая разработана кор- порацией Майкрософт. Эта система использует и хранит файлы на дисках. Кроме того, она осуществляет постоянное обслуживание вашего компьютера – хранение памяти, управ- ление монитором и дисплеем, прием информации с клавиа- туры, поддержание внешней связи. По мере разработки появ- ляются новые версии MS-DOS.

Program – программа, ряд инструкций, на основании ко- торых действует компьютер.

Root directory – корневая директория, это корневой ка- талог, который объединяет все директории и файлы на диск.

Subdirectory – субдиректория, директория, входящая в состав другой директории.

7. Из 11 терминов, относящихся к программному

обеспечению компьютера (MS-DOS, program, command, mot directory, directory, subdirectory, file, filename, error, message, byte, character), назовите те, которые:

33

Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса

а) обладают известной для вас формой, б) обозначают известные вам понятия,

в) были вам ранее неизвестны (ни форма, ни понятие).

8. Из нижеприведенного списка слов:

а) выпишите сначала номера тех слов, которые относятся к оборудованию (hardware), затем тех, которые относятся к программному обеспечению (software).

1) program, 2) drive, 3) printer, 4) device, 5) keyboard, 6)root directory, 7) floppy disk, 8) memory, 9) hard diskette, 10) key, 11) character, 12) mouse, 13) error message, 14) computer, 15) tile, 16) command, 17) screen, 18) display;

б) назовите номера тех слов, которые совпадают по своему звучанию с аналогичными русскими словами;

в) назовите номера тех слов, которые по форме отличаются аналогичных русских терминов.

9. Найдите слово, перевод которого дан в начале

строки:

а) Клавиша: 1. port, 2. key, 3. root, 4. drive, 5. mouse.

б) Память: 1. error, 2. message, 3. memory, 4. mouse,5. name. в) Имя: 1. port, 2. key, 3. name, 4. mouse, 5. character.

г) Порт: 1. keyboard, 2. drive, 3. mouse, 4. port, 5. file.

д) Корневой: 1. hard, 2. floppy, 3. personal, 4. root, 5. display. е) Дисковод: 1. disk, 2. diskette, 3. drive, 4. port, 5. screen.

ж) Экран: 1. display, 2. keyboard, 3. memory, 4. error, 5. screen. з) Ошибка: 1. root, 2. error, 3. port, 4. printer, 5. message.

и) Программное обеспечение: 1. program, 2. hardware, 3. software, 4. command, 5. character.

к) Символ: 1. error, 2. command, 3. name, 4. character, 5. message.

10. Переведите с русского языка на английский:

персональный компьютер, принтер, гнездо, клавиатура, клавиша, устройство, жесткий диск, гибкий диск, дискета, мышь, экран, дисплей, программа, файл, директория, со- общение об ошибках.

34

UNIT 2. Lesson 5

UNIT 2.

Lesson 5

Topic: Hardware and software

Grammar revision: Pronouns some, any, no

Лексика, грамматика

1. Прочтите предложения, обращая внимание на

значение употребление местоимений some, any, no и их производных. Предложения переведите:

a)1. There are some new words in the text. 2. We have some lime. 3. There was somebody in the room. 4. He had something to report. 5. Someone had a good idea. 6. I have this book somewhere at home. 7. We shall have some new subjects. 8. Any student can be present at the conference. 9. There was some program on the desk. 10. Any section of the processor is important.

b)1. Is there any printer in the computer room? 2. Will there be any seminar tomorrow? 3. Shall we have any English classes next week? 4. Is there anybody in the reading-hall? 5. Is anyone familiar (знаком) with this system? 6. Have you anything to ask?

7.Were you anywhere yesterday? 8. Was there any difficulty in solving this problem?

c)1. There are not any color monitors in the computer room.

2.No user has this program. 3. There is nobody here who knows this book. 4. There was nothing interesting in the report. 5. The article was not printed anywhere. 6. There was a cursor nowhere on the screen. 7. No one was absent from the lecture. 8. There was not anybody who had a printer at home. 9. He has not anything for communication.

2. Переведите на английский язык:

1.В институте семь факультетов. 2. На нашем факультете есть три компьютерных класса. 3. В компьютерном классе имеется

35

Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса

один компьютер учителя и 12 компьютеров студентов. 4. В чи- тальном зале будет новая выставка (exhibition) книг по ин- форматике. 5. Сколько студентов в вашей группе? 6. В тексте не было много новых слов. 7. На столе не было моего учебни- ка. 8. Что находится в этой аудитории? 9. В этом компьютере один дисковод? 10. Сколько терминалов будет в этом компью- терном классе?

3. Выразите согласие, используя That's right или

Quite so.

Models:

1.The computer is testing its basic units now. – That’s right. The computer is testing its basic units.

2.You were working in the computer room all the evening yesterday. – Quite so. I was working in the computer room all the evening yesterday.

3.The computer will be loading the operational system in a minute. – That’s right. The computer will be loading the operational system in a minute.

1.Your friend is writing English words on the blackboard.

2.You are writing these words in your note-book. 3. Another student is looking up the words in the dictionary. 4. They were solving that algebraic problem all the evening yesterday. 5. He was discussing the problems of hardware with his teacher when we came. 6. You will be working at the seminar from 10 till 11.30 tomorrow. 7. Your friend will be calculating the results of the experiment when you come. 8. I shall be doing my research at this time tomorrow.

4. Выразите несогласие, используя I can’t agree with you или On the contrary.

Models:

1.The computer is loading the operational system now. – I can’t agree with you. The computer is not loading the operational system. It is testing its basic units.

36

UNIT 2. Lesson 5

2.You were having a computer class at 10 о ‘clock yesterday. – I can’t agree with you, I was not having a computer class at 10 o’clock yesterday; I was having an English class at this time yesterday.

3.You will be speaking instead of your friend at 9 o’clock meeting tomorrow. – On the contrary, I shan’t be speaking instead of my friend at 9 o’clock meeting tomorrow. My friend will be speaking instead of me at the meeting tomorrow.

1. This man is waiting for you. 2. Mary is typing the name of the programme now. 3. You are sitting at the computer display. 4. You were doing exercises in writing at your English class. 5. The computer was performing arithmetic operations when you switched it off. 6. We shall be discussing analog and digital computers at the morning seminar I. 7. He will be speaking about recording devices at his tomorrow’s lecture.

5. Выразите недоверие, используя слово really.

Models:

1.I am checking addition by division. – Are you really checking addition by division instead of subtraction?

2.He was typing all the evening yesterday. – Was he really typing all the even-ing yesterday?

3.The computer will be sending the text to the printer in two minutes. – Will the computer really be sending the text to the printer in 2 minutes?

1. He is making a report on data types now. 2. The controller is running the disk drive at the present moment. 3. We are writing a test on the microcomputer’s organization. 4. Our teacher was speaking on the history of computers at his lecture yesterday. 5. We were constructing this electronic device all day long yesterday. 6. He was writing a report on the binary system when we came. 7. We shall be discussing computer’s architecture problems at this time tomorrow. 8. He will be reading up for his exam all day long tomorrow.

37

Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса

6. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Hardware and software

All computers consist of hardware. This includes the computer itself and all other related physical devices. The other pieces of the computer system include software, the instructions that tell the computer what tasks to perform; data, the information the computer works on; and you, the user, who ultimately tell the computer what to do, and for whom the computer does all its work.

All computers use the same basic techniques for carrying out the tasks we give them. The computer takes in data through input devices, it manipulates the data according to its instructions, it outputs the results of its processing, and it stores data for later use. These four processes together are known as the computing cycle.

Input is the process of entering data into the computer. The most common device used for input on microcomputers is the keyboard. Computer keyboards include many special command and function keys to perform specialized input tasks as well as the usual typewriter layout. Other input devices include a mouse, which manipulates a pointer on the computer screen for giving commands and entering data; a scanner, which reads graphic images and pages of text and sends them to the computer; a modem, which receives data over phone lines; and several other devices.

Once data is in a microcomputer, it is processed by the microprocessor and its associated integrated circuit chips. Microprocessors perform all calculations and manipulations necessary to transform data into meaningful information. Associated with the processor is the computer’s memory, which is used for storing data and programs while they’re being used by the processor.

Getting processed data out of the computer is the job of output devices. The computer can display the data on a monitor screen, of which there are several types: colour or monochrome, flat-panel or picture tube, desktop or portable. You can also send data to a printer or plotter to make a paper copy, use the modem to send the data over a phone line to another computer, or use any number of specialized output devices.

What do you do if you want to keep the data in a permanent form? That’s what storage devices are for. Storage devices hold data

38

UNIT 2. Lesson 5

permanently, so you can save it and retrieve it later. Disks are used to store data magnetically. Each type at disk is used by its corresponding disk drive to read and write information. Floppy disks are used for easy, portable storage, and built-in hard disks are used for more permanent storage of larger amounts of data and programs for fast access. Other common storage devices include optical discs (such as CD-ROM) and magnetic tape.

A program is a group of instructions that tells the processing devices what to do. Software can be a single program or a set of programs that work together. Because their meanings are very similar, the terms software (or a piece of software) and program are often used interchangeably.

Two types of software are necessary to make the computer capable of performing useful work. They are the operating system and application software. The operating system contains basic instructions that tell the CPU how to use other hardware devices, where to find programs, and how to load and keep track of programs in memory. Because it includes basic instructions that are vital to the internal functioning of the computer, the operating system is the first program to be processed after the computer is turned on, and it remains in memory until the computer is turned off.

For the computer to perform useful tasks, it needs application software in addition to the operating system. An application is a job that a computer can perform, such as creating text documents, manipulating sets of numbers, creating graphic images, and communicating with other computers. Application software is the term used to describe programs that tell the computer how to perform such jobs. The six most common types of application software are:

word processing software,

graphics software,

desktop publishing software,

spreadsheet software,

database management software.

Communications software.

Application software is what makes a computer a tool for performing the tasks we most often need to complete at school, at home, or at office.

39

Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса

UNIT 2.

Lesson 6

Topic: Computer addiction

Grammar revision: The Imperative Mood

Commands, messages

Лексика, грамматика

1. Составьте предложения, переведя на английский

язык глаголы и местоимения из левой колонки:

2. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Не опаздьвайте на занятия. 2. Откройте книги на странице 10, выполните упражнение. 3. Давайте обсудим план работы. 4. Пусть твой друг переведет эту статью. 5. Разрешите мне по- казать вам наш компьютерный класс. 6. Пусть он не идет в библиотеку. Дайте ему мою книгу. 7. Пусть они не начинают работу без меня.

3. Прочтите и постарайтесь понять следующий диа-

лог:

H.: Hallo, Ann! Haven’t seen you for ages!

A.: Hallo, Helen! Glad to see you! How are you? H.: Not bad, and what about you?

A.: Fine! Now I am a first-year student of the Information Science and Computer Engineering Department.

40