Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса. Учебное пособие

UNIT 4. Lesson 13

a mill, and sequence mechanisms. The store was to hold 1000 numbers, as well as intermediate results and instructions. The mill called up numbers from the store and performed arithmetic calculations with them. It corresponded to the modern processor. The sequence mechanisms, which we would call a program, decided which numbers to call up from the store and how to operate on them. A system of punched cards controlled the sequence of operations. Ch. Babbage couldn’t translate his ideas into, reality because there were no reliable and accurate electrical equipment, but his Analytical Engine was a true prototype of the modern digital computer. Ch. Babbage and Lady Lovelace, Lord Byron’s daughter, worked out a coded program. Lady Lovelace was a brilliant mathematician. She believed and fully understood the potentialities of the Analytical Engine. She took an active part in Babbage’s experiments. So it is fair to say that she was the world’s first computer programmer.

About seventy years passed before the production of the first digital computer, which was similar to Babbage’s Analytical Engine. In 1937 Dr. H. Aiken of Harvard University began to work at the first completely automatic digital computer which he called the Mark 1. He completed it in 1944. The Mark 1 was mainly mechanical with some electro-magnetic devices. It was a very large computer, 51 feet long and 8 feet tall. The store had 72 counters. Each counter could hold 23 digits.

The first electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC), was constructed in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. The machine used 18,000 vacuum tubes for storage and basic functions in arithmetic and logic. Though it was not as large as the Mark 1, it weighed 30 tons and measured 20 by 40 feet. Whereas the Mark 1 could add 2 numbers in one-third of a second, ENIAC could add 5000 numbers in one second.

In 1945 John von Neuman worked out the concept of the stored program. He recommended to store operationalnstructtions and numbers in the same unit in the binary system. ED VAC, EDSAC, UNI VAC were the first computers which put these new ideas into practice.

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The first generation computers (from 1940s till 1959) were very large in size and used thousands of vacuum tubes. Though their operations were very rapid in comparison with manual calculations they were slow by today’s standards.

The second generation computers began in 1959. The use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes made these computers smaller, more powerful, and more reliable. The second generation also saw the development of programming languages.

The third generation computers started in 1964. There were silicon chips instead of transistors. This advance made possible the invention of the microcomputer in the 1970s, which, because of its low cost, small size, ease of use, large capabilities, is the computer most characteristic of the fourth generation.

All computers of the present time, from the microcomputer to the supercomputer, belong to the fourth generation. This fourth generation is the first in which there are a lot of computers for the application in business, science, medicine, education, or for general use.

The computer revolution is very dynamic. We are on the threshold of the fifth generation of computers. Today researchers in the USA, Western Europe, Japan work at the problems of artificial intelligence, the application of natural languages, very largescale integration (VLSI) technologies, etc.

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UNIT 4. Lesson 14

UNIT 4.

Lesson 14

Topic: Alpha

Grammar revision: Indefinite Tenses

Лексика, грамматика

1. Поставьте глаголы в форму Past Indefinite Tense.

Обратите внимание на правильное чтение окончания –ed:

To stop, to work, to pass, to start, to use, to store, to complete, to believe, to control, to decide, to produce, to invent, to design, to construct, to perform, to process, to finish, to record.

2. Прочтите слова школьного минимума, поставьте

их в форму Past Indefinite Tense:

To be, to begin, to build, to come, to do, to find, to get, to give, to go, to have, to hold, to keep, to know, to learn, to make, to meet, to read, to say, to see, to speak, to take, to think, to understand, to write.

3. Выразите согласие, используя You are right или

That's it.

Models:

1.You speak English. – That’s it. I speak English.

2.You translated this article yesterday. – You are right. I translated the article yesterday.

3.You will become a teacher. – You are right. I shall become a teacher.

A.1. You work much in the computer room. 2. Your friend knows some programming languages. 3. Computer-assisted in-

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struction helps us to study at our own pace. 4. Computers save much time and energy, carry out long and complex operations.

5.They process a large volume of data. 6. The microcomputer ideally answers the aims of education.

B.1. We built up large data banks of information. 2. At the end of the 1930s computing engineering began its new era. 3. In 1945 Dr. Neuman worked out the concept of the stored program.

4.The second generation of computers started in 1959. 5. The microcomputer had its beginning in the third generation, in 1974.

6.The store of the Mark-2 computer held a hundred numbers.

C.1. The fifth generation computers will use natural languages and a speech input. 2. They will store and process knowledge. 3. We shall study storage types at the next lesson. 4. In future computers will have optical devices. 5. This electronic translator will help us to study foreign languages. 6. We shall attend this professor’s lecture on microprocessors tomorrow.

4. Выразите несогласие, используя I am afraid you are mistaken или That’s impossible.

Models:

1.We perform addition before multiplication. – That’s impossible. If there are no brackets (скобки), we don’t perform addition before multiplication. We perform multiplication before addition.

2.He graduated from the Institute two years ago. – I’m afraid you are mistaken. He didn’t graduate from the Institute two years ago. He graduated from the Institute last year.

3.We shall use punched cards. – I’m afraid that’s impossible. We shan’t use punched cards, we shall use floppy disks.

A.1. A slide-rule presents one of the quickest ways of calculation. 2. He knows the keyboard of this computer rather well. 3. This firm produces high-speed computers. 4. The academic year in our country begins in October. 5. They hold conferences on information science every year.

B.1. He translated many books on computers' o’ganization.

2.At his last lecture the professor spoke about the invention of

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UNIT 4. Lesson 14

computers. 3. M. Lomonosov constructed the first slide-rule. 4. The first automatic computer operated at high speed. 5. This student made an interesting report on the problems of storage capacity.

C. 1. We shall discuss the invention of the first electronic computer at the next seminar. 2. He will study such programming languages as PASCAL and C. 3. They will complete this program next week. 4. I'll’count the results of this experiment with the help of a calculator. 5. We shall take 4 examinations next term.

5. Выразите недоверие, используя слово really.

Models:

1.The central processor controls the actual calculations inside the computer. Does the central processor really control the actual calculations inside the computer?

2.He studied five programming languages. – Did he really study five programming languages?

3.This supercomputer will perform 10 billion operations per second. – Will this supercomputer really perform 10 billion operations per second?

A.1. Computers help much in training teachers, engineers, businessmen. 2. Mathematical operations include arithmetic and algebraic operations. 3. The computer does arithmetic problems million times faster than any person.4. A large computer uses several types of microprocessors. 5. We call Norbert Wiener the father of cybernetics.

B.1. Last month they carried out many experiments. 2. My friend constructed this electronic device. 3. B. Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine at the age of 19. 4. During four years in Berlin S. Kovalevskaya wrote three dissertations. 5. The third generation of computers began in 1964.

C.1. We shall study the theory of programming next year.

2.In future machines will solve many problems which today are in competence of man. 3. He will use these data in his report. 4. We shall store the control program on the magnetic disk. 5. The fifth generation systems will apply videodisks.

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6. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.When did you finish school? 2. What Institute do you study at?

3.What Institute does your friend study at? 4. When did the academic year begin? 5. When will the academic year begin next year?

6.What subjects do you study? 7. What subjects will you study next term? 8. How long does the course of studies at your department last? 9. How many specialities do the departments of your Institute train students in? 10. Who in your group studied abroad?

7. Прочтите предложения и задайте вопрос, вос- пользовавшись вопросительным словом в скобках:

1. I studied English at school (where?) 2. My friend finished school last year (when?) 3. My sister does computer programs well (who?) 4. My father knows three foreign languages (how many?) 5. Our classes will begin at 10 o'cl’ck tomorrow (when?) 6. We shall hold a seminar on this problem (what?) 7. He wants to help his friend to complete the experiment (whom?) 8. It took me two weeks to write a report (how long?) 9. My brother became a programmer last year (whose?) 10. He usually looks through foreign journals in the library (what?)

8. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Обратите

внимание на время и союзы в придаточных преложениях:

1. Before he begins to read his report he will look through it. 2. If you change the method of your experiment you will get different results. 3. As soon as I get any news I shall tell you about it. 4. We shall not hold the conference until our scientific supervisor comes back from London. 5. You will find it difficult to communicate with a computer unless you have more practice. 6. When he gets a book "Mi“rocomputer Design" h”'ll’give it to you. 7. She will translate the text provided she knows this grammar rule. 8. They will finish the work after they get these data.

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UNIT 4. Lesson 14

9. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильную форму

(Future Indefinite или Present Indefinite):

1.I (to discuss) some problems with our system-engineer as soon as I (to see) him. 2. She (to take) her exam in English before the term (to be) over. 3. He (to help) you if he (to know) all the facts.

4.You (to do) a computer program provided you (to know) programming. 5. When we (to complete) our experiment we (to come) to see you. 6. If you (to add) these numbers you (to get) the sum.

7.Before he (to carry out) complex calculations he (to learn) how to operate the computer. 8. A teacher (not to make) the computer an integral part of his lessons until he (to be able) to select programs.

10. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Alpha

Digital Equipment Corp. introduced and began shipping the first Alpha microprocessor in 1992. Since that time, Digital has focused on performance, successfully maintaining some of the highest performing and fastest microprocessors on the market.

The Alpha microprocessor line consists of two basic versions: the 21064 (the original Alpha) and the 21164. Within these two designs, a range of different dock speeds are available.

In addition to the 21064, there's ’he 21064A microprocessor. The 21064 runs at 150MHz to 200MHz and the-21064A runs as fast as 275MHz. Both microprocessors have a 128-bit data bus and up to 32KB of on-chip cache.

The 21164 is an even higher-end microprocessor that runs as fast as 300MHz. It has a 128-bit data bus, 8KB of on-chip cache, and an additional 96K В of second-level on-chip cache. The 2H64 is the first microprocessor to surpass one billion instructions per second, greatly improving performance.

In addition to on-chip cache, Alpha microprocessors also support caches outside of the microprocessor. The 21064, for example, is capable of supporting between 128KB and 16MB of cache.

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Alpha microprocessors use a RISC architecture, which assimilates relatively simple instructions very quickly to result in faster processing. This architecture includes features such as superscalar and superpipelining to improve performance. Superscalar technology builds several instruction paths. A superscalar machine can actually start more than one instruction every clock cycle to go beyond the one instruction per clock cycle barrier. The 21064 is a two-way superscalar microprocessor, and able to issue two instructions per clock cycle. The 21164 is a four-way microprocessor, issuing four instructions per clock cycle.

Superpipelining is a technique for making the pipeline itself, which executes the instructions. Superpipelining makes the pipeline run at higher clock rates for faster processing.

The Alpha is used in many different types of systems, inIg high-performance personal computers, workstations, network servers, and even mainframe systems. It's ’lso used in multiprocessor supercomputers. Digital Equipment Corp. builds everything from Alpha personal computers to large mainframe machines.

Do not, however, expect to find the Alpha in any typical home desktop computers as it is a very powerful processor that's ’esigned for high-end systems. These higher-performance systems also carry a higher price.

Aaron Bauch, strategic marketing manager for Alpha microprocessors at Digital, says that because the Alpha is focused on performance, it falls into a different market than the home systems many consumers are looking for.

"Al”ha systems basically start where the high-end personal computers leave off," B”uch says. For example, an entry-level Alpha system would be similarly priced to a high-end system that uses a Pentium processor, costing around $3,000 to $4,000. You're’not going to find an Alpha system for $900 or less. But at the same price as a higher-end desktop computer, Bauch says, you'd ’et much better performance from the Alpha.

Systems incorporating Alpha microprocessors are used more for business and professional solutions than in the home market. Network servers, mainframe computers, and worksta-

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UNIT 4. Lesson 14

tions are found in a variety of business environments. While high-performance desktop computers may be found in some homes, they're’most likely being used for business purposes and complex applications.

Alpha microprocessors are equipped to handle more than 5,000 high-end applications, working in such operating systems as Windows NT, OSF/1, and Open VMS. People doing very compu- tational-intensive jobs will benefit from the performance of an Alpha microprocessor. Such applications include engineering, image work in publishing, preparing package designs, or laying out printed circuit boards for designing computers.

Alpha microprocessors are also found in systems that are used to create computer-rendered graphics for commercials. These images are created one frame at a time and then run at a particular number of frames per second to create motion video. The Alpha environment is outstanding for that, Bauch says.

If you're’in the market for a home computer and you're’on a budget, the Alpha is probably not for you. But if you're’looking for a high-performance computer that can take on the most complex applications for your business, the Alpha is probably just what you're’looking for.

In terms of upgrading, high-performance systems like those powered by Alpha microprocessors have a key advantage. If you buy a system with just enough performance for your purposes today, you will soon bypass your current level and will need to upgrade. But if you purchase an extremely high-performance system today, it will benefit you much longer. Уou may still have enough power to handle your high-end business applications up three years from the time you buy your computer.

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UNIT 4.

Lesson 15

Topic: The Fifth Generation Computer System

Commands, messages

Команды, сообщения

1. А. Подберите к командам слева соответствующие

русские эквиваленты:

Б. Опираясь на первоначальные значения слов, подберите к командам слева соответствующие им функции, представ- ленные справа (количество функций превышает количест- во команд).

1.sys а) создание системного диска

2.sort б) классифицировать данные

3.ver в) временно прервать выполнение программы

4.rem г) ввести ремарку, комментарий

5.archive д) определить версию MS-DOS