Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса. Учебное пособие

UNIT 3. Lesson 12

UNIT 3.

Lesson 12

Topic: Portable computers

Grammar revision: Modal verbs

Лексика, грамматика

1. Прочтите предложения, обращая внимание на

оттенки значений, передаваемые модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами:

a)Can – could – to be able to.

1.He can speak English. 2. The computer can ideally answer the aims of mass education. 3. They could use a computer to do calculations. 4. I shall be able to operate a computer. 5. Can you help me? 6. She can’t translate from English into French. 7. We couldn’t translate this article without a dictionary. 8. Will you be able to come to the lecture? 9. He won’t be able to carry out this experiment. 10. I wasn’t able to write my lecture notes.

b)May – might – to be allowed to.

1. You may use a dictionary. 2. He may take my book. 3. She might use this computer program. 4. They are allowed to take books home. 5. May I ask you a question? 6. He may not take this exam earlier. 7. They mightn’t work in the computer room yesterday. 8. Were you allowed to operate their new computer? 9. She won’t be allowed to stay here till tomorrow. 10. Shall we be allowed to use the printer?

c)Must.

1.I must finish the translation in time. 2. He must work much.

3.Must she write a report? 4. Must we retell this text? 5. They must not be late for the lecture. 6. You mustn’t use your lecture notes during the exam.

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d)To have to.

1.He has to look up the words in the dictionary. 2. We had to miss (пропустить) several lessons. 3. I’ll have to look through these articles. 4. Do you have to repeat the drill? 5. She doesn’t have to select computer programs. 6. Will you have to learn programming?

7.We shan’t have to discuss their plan. 8. Did he have to store the data? 9. They didn’t have to come once again.

e)To be to.

1. We are to have an English class on Tuesday. 2. They were to take examinations in January. 3. He is to speak at the conference. 4. Was she to give you only a general idea of her work? 5. Are you to attend tommorow’s lecture? 6. They aren’t to work in the computer room on Monday. 7. She wasn’t to study English last term.

f)Should.

1.You should help your friend to solve the problem. 2. Every teacher should prepare himself for the application of computer technology. 3. Should I read this book? 4. Should we repeat the experiment? 5. You should not use computer equipment without special training. 6. They shouldn’t print all the data.

g)Ought (to).

1. You ought to find time to help them. 2. We ought to return books to the library in time. 3. Ought the teacher to know the needs and abilities of her pupils? 4. Ought they to carry out this work? 5. You ought not to go there every day. 6. She oughtn’t to know about it.

h)Need.

1.You need not do this exercise in writing. 2. He needn’t draw a diagram. 3. Need I use this spreadsheet? 4. Need they store all the data? 5. Need we go further with these experiments?

2. Поставьте предложения сначала в Past Indefinite, а затем в Future Indefinite, где это возможно:

1.Computers can drill students in different subjects. 2. He may have a rest. 3. We have to repeat the experiment. 4. Need they know all the details of this phenomenon? 5. I am to have 3 classes

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today. 6. You should study this new method. 7. Students must know how to solve this problem. 8. She ought to help her parents.

3. Поставьте предложения в вопросительной и от- рицательной форме:

1.We are to discuss the curriculum. 2. You should know programming for your research work. 3. He may take his exam in maths on Friday. 4. My brother can play chess. 5. They ought to inform us about the result of the experiment. 6. We must study this database. 7. She had to open the meeting. 8. He will be able to select all the programs. 9. They could find the correct answer. 10. She will be allowed to come later. 11. We might work in the lab on that day. 12. They will have to work very hard.

4. Прочтите предложения и задайте вопрос, вос- пользовавшись вопросительным словом в скобках:

1. A computer can build up large data banks (what). 2. The first automatic computers were able to operate at a low speed (what speed). 3. He might work in the computer center (where). 4. You are to begin your classes at 8 o’clock (when). 5. Our lab assistant has to construct this electronic device (who). 6. We have to study two computer languages (how many). 7. You ought to learn programming to become a good specialist (why). 8. Our students will.be allowed to watch the operation of this new computer tomorrow (when). 9. Every student must work hard at his research (how). 10. They should process the result of the experiment (what).

5. Заполните пропуски глаголами can, may или их

эквивалентами:

1. A computer ... train teachers, engineers, businessmen. 2. No man ... do 500,000 sums per second, but a modern computer ... .

3. ... I take your book? Yes, you ... . Here it is. 4. My brother knows programming well. He ... help you. 5. My friend ... take his exam in April. 6. Computers ... process a large volume of data.

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6. Заполните пропуски глаголами must, ought (to), should, have (to), be (to).

1.Every teacher ... know his subject very well. 2. He ... use a computer in his classroom to make his work more creative. 3. A teacher ... know the application of computer technology. 4. The method of this experiment isn’t correct.We ... repeat the experiment once again. 5. The meeting ... begin at 7 o’clock. 6. I have much work in our Student Science Society. I ... stay at the Institute after classes. 7. We ... take 5 exams this term.

7. Руководствуясь смыслом предложения, переве- дите модальные глаголы, данные к скобках:

1. What (должен) I do to learn to speak English? 2. You (сле- дует) work hard at your English. 3. At what time (должен) the next English class to take place? It (должен) to take place at 2 o’clock on Tuesday. 4.You (не нужно) go to the library. You (можете) take any French book from me. 5.When (сможете) you come to see us? I (смогу) to visit you in a few days. Now I am very busy. I (должен) to prepare for the seminar. In order (чтобы) to make a good report I (придется) to sit for many hours in the reading hall. 6. I (должен) to help my grandparents to do some work. 7. You (должен) know a lot of English words to read books on your speciality. 8. Computers (могут) help to solve many important problems in science. 9. We (разрешат) to attend the conference on cybernetics. 10. Everyone (следует) know that instructive operations are logical and mathematical operations. 11. Classes (должны) to begin on Monday. 12. He (не смог) translate this article himself. 13. (Могу) 1 see the dean? You (придется) to wait for 15 minutes. 14. You (должны) to attend seminars more regularly. 15. He (не нужно) do the whole exercise again.

8. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Portable computers

The first digital computer was built in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. It weighed 30 tons and filled a large room. It was

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called ENIAC. In its early days it required 18,500 vacuum tubes to store information. Obviously, a 30-ton computer had its limitations. Scientists and engineers worked to make it better. The use of transistors as small amplifiers in place of the large vacuum tubes reduced the size and cost of computers. Smaller was better.

In the early 1960’s, the first minicomputers were made commercially. They were the size of a two-drawer file cabinet. The revolution was on. Less than a decade later, the microcomputer was invented. The basic unit of the microcomputer is a tiny silicon chip less than 1 cm on a side. Each chip is a miniature electronic circuit that serves the different computer functions. Amazingly, each circuit contains thousands of elements.

The great advances in microelectronics have helped achieve the moon landing, satellites, digital watches, computer games, and even computer-controlled automobile engines. Still the computer continues to evolve. One of the latest developments is bubble memory. In bubble memory, the information is stored in tiny magnetic spots or islands that look like bubbles floating on the chip. One great advantage of bubble memory is that it does not lose stored information when the power is turned off.

Portable computers, ranging from briefcase size down to hand-helds, are the latest innovation. In the smallest of the portables, the cathode ray tube has been replaced by a flat electroluminescent display and the disk drives by bubble memory chips. In these computers, information is stored on the road, in the classroom, at conferences, at the library, or elsewhere, and then transferred to print or conventional disk drive memory later.

Hand-held computers are very light in weight and sit in the palm of one’s hand. These miniature computers will prove useful for some situations, but there are drawbacks. The displays are rarely more than a single short line in length, and the keyboard is so small the user has to peck rather than type.

The computer revolution moves on. In the future, look for tiny chips controlling the functions of stereos, typewriters, telephones, and other appliances, as well as additional advances in the computing industry itself.

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Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса

UNIT 4.

Lesson 13

Topic: On the History of Computer Development

Grammar revision: Impersonal Sentences

Лексика, грамматика

1. Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1.It is cold here. 2. It was Tuesday yesterday. 3. It will be Thursday tomorrow. 4. It is difficult to translate this article without a dictionary. 5. It is important to know programming. 6. It was late. It was necessary to finish the work.

2. Прочтите и запомните:

6.00– It is six o’clock (sharp).

6.10 – It is ten (minutes) past six.

6.15 – It is a quarter past six.

6.30 – It is half past six.

6.45 – It is a quarter to seven.

6.55 – It is five (minutes) to seven.

7 a.m. (ante-meridiem – до полудня) – 7 часов утра.

7 p.m. (post-meridiem – после полудня) – 7 часов вечера. What’s the time? – Который час?

By my watch. – По моим часам.

My watch is right (correct). – Мои часы идут правильно.

My watch is wrong (not correct). – Мои часы идут неправильно. My watch is (two minutes) fast. – Мои часы спешат (на две) минуты. My watch is (five minutes) slow. – Мои часы отстают (на пять минут).

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3. Прочтите и переведите слова, обращая внимание

на часть речи:

Form (n, v); mechanical (a); logarithm (n); automatic (a); design (v, n); prototype (n); code (n); electromagnetic (a); recommend (v); practice (n); idea (n); standard (n); transistor (n); dynamic (a); contrast (n); characteristic (n, a); optical (a); expert (n, a); structural (a); analysis (n); method (n); distant (a); extremely (adv); sensory.

4. Прочтите и запомните новые слова:

1.Add – складывать, прибавлять. Addition – сложение

We add decimal fractions in the same way as whole numbers. The sign for addition is + (plus). The result of addition is known as the sum.

2.Multiply – умножать. Multiplication – умножение.

We may multiply numbers in any order, and a good check for multiplication 17 by 15 is to multiply 15 by 17. In the example like 12+15x2 we must perform multiplication before addition.

3.Invent – изобретать. Invention – изобретение.

In 1671 Leibnitz invented the first machine which performed multiplication by repeated addition. In 1882 P. L. Chebyshev invented the first arithmometer.

4. Produce – создавать, производить. Production – производство, продукция.

In 1642 В. Pascal produced an adding machine. Later he produced some others, one of them could add six-figures numbers. The University of Pennsylvania is famous for the production of the first electronic computer in 1946.

5. Slide-rule – логарифмическая линейка.

After the invention of logarithms in 1614, W. Oughtred constructed the first slide-rule. There are straight and circular (круго- вая) slide-rules in common use.

6.Punch – 1) пробивка, перфорация; 2) перфорировать. Punched card – перфокарта.

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The punched card is one of the methods of data input.

A high-speed line printer can punch 20 lines per second, each of 80 to 120 characters.

7. Digit – цифра, разряд.

All periods of a number contain three digits (the first period on the left may or may not). Information for a digital computer has to be in the form of digits or numbers.

8. Complete – заканчивать, завершать. Completely – полностью.

In 1937 H. Aiken began to work at the first completely automatic digital computer. He completed it in 1944. The first electronic computer was completed at the Moore School of Engineering, Philadelphia, in 1946.

9.Count – считать. Counter – счетчик.

A primitive man knew only ten number-sounds and could count in the way a small child counts today, one by one, with the help of his fingers (пальцы). The store of H. Aiken’s computer had 72 counters, each counter could hold 23 digits. In 1874 a Russian engineer V. T. Ordner invented a special counter wheel (колесо) for the arithmometer.

10. Generation – поколение.

There are four generations of computers today, but we are on the threshold (порог) of the fifth generation. Fifth generation computer systems will be smaller,rnore powerful and more flexible (гибкий).

11. Chip – чип, кристалл.

A chip has several hundred thousand electronic components (transistors, resistors, etc.). The microcomputer was the first computer with a single (одиночный) microprocessor chip as the processor.

12.Rely – полагаться (на – on, upon). Reliable – надежный.

You may rely on the results of this experiment. The third generation of computers was more reliable than the second one due to the use of silicon (кремниевый) chips instead of transistors.

13. Capacity – емкость, мощность.

Storage capacity – емкость запоминающего устройства. The capacity of computer is the quantity of data that its memory unit can hold. The storage capacity of J. Neuman’s computer was 4096 words.

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14.Capable – способный, восприимчивый.

Capability – возможность, способность, производи-

тельность.

The fifth generation computers are capable of speech input. Robots and machines with sensory capabilities are the fifth generation computer systems.

15. Size – размер, величина, емкость (памяти). The first generation computers were very large in size. Floppy (гибкий) disks have several standard sizes.

5. Замените слова в скобках их английскими экви- валентами:

1.Ch. Babbage’s (изобретение) of the machine which he called the Analytical Engine was a new era in the computer development. 2. In 1884 Russia began (производить) computing machines. 3. The (логарифмическая линейка) presents a quick and easy way of multiplication, division, raising to power. 4. He used (перфокарты) to operate this computer. 5. The letter “b” in the word “binary” and two letters “it” in the word (“цифра”) form the word “bit”. 6. They will (завершать) .this program next week. 7. I shall (подсчитать) the results of this experiment with the help of a calculator. 8. MINSK 1 and IBM 650 are examples of the first (поколение) computer systems. 9. A typical microprocessor (чип) is half a centimeter on its side. 10. I (полагаюсь) on your words. 11. What is the storage (емкость) of this computer? 12. Full (раз- мер) floppy disks are 8 inches in diameter.

6. Заполните пропуски словами:

1.The examples of the fourth ... of computers in our country are ES-1065, NAIRI-4, ISKRA-1256, etc. 2. Microfloppy disks are from

3to 4 inches in ... . 3. One of the characteristics of the fifth generation computer will be its high ... . 4. In our Hindu-Arabic system we use only ten...to represent any number. 5. In the example like a + b x c we must perform ... after... . 6. In 1950 the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences ... the first electronic digital computer in the

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Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса

Soviet Union. 7. The famous Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov

... a lot of calculating tables and several computing devices. 8. H. Aiken began to work at his Mark 2 computer in 1945 and ... it in 1947. 9. Ch. Babbage wanted to build a computer ... to hold a thousand numbers. 10. One of the methods to input data into a computer is via a ...card. 11. My younger sister likes arithmetic and can ... quite well. 12. The primary memory ... of the personal computer is 64 kilobytes or more.

7. Выберите антонимы следующих слов из правой

8. A. Обратите внимание на способы образования

существительных. В. Образуйте имена существительные из указанных прилагательных с помощью суффикса –ity. Прочтите их и переведите на русский язык. Помните о зна- чении призводных слов:

Formal, regular, similar, able, complex, electric, extreme, reliable, special, familiar, general, capable, productive, creative, equal.

9. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

On the History of Computer Development

The oldest form of mechanical calculating devices was the abacus. It remained the only aid to calculation until the 17th century. After the invention of logarithms in 1614, W.0ughtred constructed the first slide-rule in 1630. B. Pascal built an adding machine in 1642 at the age of 19. Later he produced some others, one of them could add six-figure numbers. In 1671 Leibnitz invented the first machine, which performed multiplication by repeated addition.

Ch. Babbage, the English mathematician of the 19th century, was the first who conceived the idea of the automatic machine for complex calculations. He designed his Analytical Engine to perform four arithmetic operations. It was to have three parts: a store,

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