Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса. Учебное пособие

UNIT 5. Lesson 17

UNIT 5.

Lesson 17

Topic: The types of computers

Grammar: Word-building

Commands, messages

Лексика, грамматика

1. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Обратите

внимание на значение данных слов и словосочетаний:

a) mean – средний; среднее число (значение) means – средство

to mean – значить, означать meaning – значение

by means of – посредством

I. 1. This is a mean line. 2. Printers, plotters, music and speech synthesizers are means of output. 3. The symbol < means "is less than". 4. The meaning of the word "voltage" is "электрическое напряжение". 5. A joystick is an input device by means of which we can control the position of a letter, word or picture on the screen. 6. Let's find the arithmetic mean of these numbers.

b) a record; 1) запись; 2) пластинка; 3) данные (о чем-либо). a recorder – записывающее устройство

to record – записывать

II. 1. In science computers do calculations and keep records of the results of experiments. 2. He has a large collection of musical records. 3. We may use cassette recorders as input and output devices. 4. A computer must have a special equipment, which records each bit of information. 5. This computer can store students' records.

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c) a type – тип

to type – печатать

atypewriter – пишущая машинка.

III. 1. Modern computers are of three types: analog, digital, and hybrid. 2. A computer keyboard looks like a typewriter keyboard. 3. Our computer centre has several types of printers. 4. My friend types on the keyboard of this computer very well.

2. Изучите следующие суффиксы. Переведите ука- занные прилагательные на русский язык:

-ful: beautifui, powerful, useful, peaceful, thankful; -less: useless, endless, formless, childless, limitless; -al: central, pedagogical, digital, industrial, logical;

-ive: productive, illustrative, progressive, passive, creative; -able: reliable, remarkable, comfortable, measurable, favourable; -ible: possible, sensible, divisible, extensible, reversible;

-ic: automatic, scientific, electronic, democratic, public; -у: easy, noisy, windy, cloudy, happy;

-ous: famous, various, enormous, numerous, synonymous; -ent: different, permanent, dependent, excellent, constituent.

3. С помощью суффиксов -ful, -less, -al, -ic образуй- те отыменные прилагательные и переведите их. При необ- ходимости свертесь со словарем.

a)Art, help, doubt, success, hope, purpose.

b)Music, physics, person, operation, form, nature, structure.

c)System, academy, history, base, alphabet, magnet.

4. С помощью суффиксов -able, -ive образуйте от- глагольные прилагательные и переведите их. При необхо- димости свертесь со словарем.

a)To prove, to question, to move, to suit, to compare, to separate.

b)To act, to collect, to cooperate, to distribute, to effect.

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5. Назовите начальные формы указанных слов:

Symbolic, unthinkable, inactive, wonderful, friendless, unhappy, indifferent, illogical, irregular, needless, convertible, rainy, unreadable, arithmetical, mechanical.

6. Поставьте глаголы в форму Participle I:

Model: to build – building ['bildiŋ]

To read, to write, to speak, to repeat, to design, to represent, to coordinate, to transmit, to record, to show, to perform, to type.

7. Прочтите предложения и задайте вопрос, вос- пользовавшись вопросительным словом в скобках:

1.We are reading an error message on the screen (where?). 2. I am typing the name of the program on the keyboard to run it (why?).

3.The operational system was asking to point out the date and the time (what?). 4. They were working in the computer room from 8 till 9.30 yesterday (how long?). 5. They will be holding a conference at this time tomorrow (when?). 6. The lecturer was speaking about new types of digital computers (who?). 7. We shall be discussing types of printers at 5 o'clock tomorrow (what?).

8. Поставьте глаголы с скобках в формы Indefinite

или Continuous tenses:

1. We (to discuss) various problems at the seminar. 2. We (to discuss) the difference between analog and digital computers now. 3. I (not to write) a new computer program last week. 4. I (to write) my report when the bell rang. 5. He (to calculate) the problem when you come. 6. He (not to solve) all these problems next week. 7. You (to answer) all the questions at the exam? 8. She (to answer) the students' questions now. 9. My friend (not to study) at the university. 10. You (to study) at the same department? 11. When I came into the room he (to compile) a program. 12. You (to wait) for me at 7 o'clock tomorrow? 13. We (to get) new laboratory equipment next month.

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9. Переведите на английский язык:

1.Куда Вы идете? – Я иду в библиотеку. Я всегда хожу туда в это время. 2. Я хочу видеть профессора Никитина. – Простите, его здесь нет. Он читает лекцию в аудитории 205. 3. Не входи- те в аудиторию. Студенты пишут там контрольную работу.

4.На какую тему ты писал доклад, когда я зашел в читальный зал вчера? – "Аппаратное обеспечение ЭВМ". 5. Вы регулярно читаете литературу по информатике на английском языке? – Да, я стараюсь делать это регулярно. Вот и сейчас я читаю журнал "Компьютер Пресс". 6. Мы будем работать над новой программой в это время завтра. Я думаю, мы окончим ее на следующей неделе. 7. Что ты делал вчера в 7 часов вечера?

–Я слушал лекцию профессора Смирнова. Профессор рас- сказывал об истории развития ЭВМ. 8. Я не буду работать в библиотеке завтра. – Почему ты не придешь? – В это время я буду сдавать экзамен по английскому языку.

10. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

The types of computers

1.Modern computers are of three types: analog, digital, and hybrid. An analog computer uses physical analogs of numerical measurements, such as length, rotation, voltage, etc. People design analog computers for specialized fields (hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, industrial control, etc.). A digital computer is a binary machine, which represents 0 and I electrically. Through binary arithmetic, in which all numbers are strings of Os and Is, the computer can represent any letter, number or symbol on its keyboard in the binary code. If a number (for example, 100) must have seven digits for its binary representation, we say that it contains seven bits. The term bit is an abbreviation for "Binary digIT". An 8-bit string is a byte. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines some of the characteristics of digital and analog computers.

2.The constituent parts of a computer are called hardware. Computers vary greatly in their internal organization, but every digi-

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tal computer has a processor, memory, an input device to receive information, and an output device to transmit information. Computer's architecture is the internal logical linkage of the processor to the memory and peripherals, that is, input and output devices.

3. A processor or CPU, which is short for central processing unit, is the nerve centre of any digital computer system. It coordinates and controls the activities of other units and performs all the arithmetic and logical processes. In the instruction cycle the processor carries out four commands: fetch the instruction, fetch the data (if any) upon which the instruction is to act, carry out the instruction, store the result in the memory. It repeats the same four steps with the next instruction. The link of the CPU to input and output devices is not as direct as the link to the memory. To run a disk drive, for example, the CPU has a specialized processor, a controller, that transmits instructions directly to a disk drive.

4.The computer stores and manipulates binary representations in primary memory and records results in secondary memory. Primary memory is organized into bytes and words. A word is a larger-than-byte-sized group of bits. We need words to store large numbers. Secondary memory is organized into files. Internal memory is a term for primary memory, since its location is within the computer. Secondary memory is called external memory as it usually consists of recording devices that are outside the computer. Typical recording devices are magnetic disks and cassette tapes. Disks may be floppy or hard. Some manufacturers of floppy disks call them minidisks, flexible disks, or diskettes. Hard disks can store much more information than floppy disks, their access is faster.

5.Although the computer can represent any kind of information, it is necessary to tell the computer what kind of information it is currently representing. Data types include integers, reals, characters, and character strings (or strings). The computer manipulates data of different types in different ways. It performs arithmetic operations on integers or reals. It can move data of any type from one place in memory to another. It can compare pieces of data of the same type, rank integers or reals in magnitude and alphabetize characters or character strings.

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6.All computers can accept input from many sources and send output to many directions. Microcomputers in particular can accept input directly from a keyboard, by reading a disk, by communicating with another computer over a telephone line. Other input devices are: a touch screen, a mouse, a joystick, a light pen, etc. Output devices for microcomputers and larger computers include printers, plotters, music and speech synthesizers.

7.In all of this input and output the computer is doing only one thing at a time. But it may look as if several things are happening simultaneously. For example, the computer may be printing on its screen, and also sending the same text to a printer. It will look as if the two things are going at once, but in fact there is a very rapid alternation of output – first to the screen, then to the printer, then to the screen again, and so on. In a large computer, which operates at great speed, the switch from one form of output to another is so rapid that the computer can appear to be talking simultaneously to a large number of devices.

NOTES

an analog computer – вычислительное устройство непрерывно- го действия

to rank in magnitude – распределить по величине a touch screen – сенсорный экран

Команды, сообщения

11. Переведите прилагательные с русского языка на

английский, используя непроизводную основу:

UNIT 5. Lesson 17

12. Выберите вариант перевода, соответствующий

данному сообщению компьютера:

Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса

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UNIT 5. Lesson 18

UNIT 5.

Lesson 18

Topic: Peripherals

Grammar: Word-building by means of the conversion Commands, messages

Лексика, грамматика

1. Прочтите и переведите слова, обращая внимание

на часть речи:

Tabulator (n); calculator (n); signal (n); position (n); laser (n); line (n); impulse (n); transform (v); vibration (n); tone (n); identic(al) (a); electronics (n); component (n); indicator (n).

2. Прочтите и запомните новые слова:

1.Digitizer – цифровой преобразователь или датчик. Graphic digitizer – преобразователь из графической формы в цифровую.

Picture digitizer – преобразователь изображения в цифровой код. A digitizer serves to transmit maps, designs, or pictures onto the screen. A digitizer is useful in design, or geography, for example.

2.Shift – сдвиг, сдвигать.

Shift key – клавиша переключения регистров.

A shift key helps to shift letters on the keyboard. If you press the С key, you will send the lowercase (нижнюю) letter "c" to the processor, but if you press SHIFT-C, you will send an uppercase (верхнюю) "С" to the processor.

3.Iinterrupt – прерывать, сигнал прерывания. Program-error interrupt – прерывание из-за ошибки в программе.

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On many computers CONTROL-C is the signal which tells the processor to interrupt whatever it is doing and then wait for further instructions. The computer interrupts its work if there is a program error.

4.Relate – устанавливать связь или отношение. Relation – отношение; соотношение; связь.

It's difficult to relate these results to any known data. Sometimes there is not a very close relation between a word and its derivatives (производные) in English, e. g. "to remark-remarkable".

5.Wire n – провод, проводник. Plug-wire – коммутационный шнур.

A mouse has a wire that connects it with a computer. A light pen looks like an ordinary pen, but it has a plug-wire.

6.Dot – точка; ставить точку, отмечать пунктиром. Dot matrix – точечная матрица.

A picture on a TV screen is made up of a large number of dots, e. g. 523 rows and 248 columns of them. The dots on the computer screen are called picture elements. Look at Figure 4, there is a dot matrix representation of the letter "e".

7. Quality – качество.

Laser printers have high print quality. The first automatic computer was of poor quality and not reliable.

8.Choose (chose, chosen) – выбирать, избирать. Choice n – 1) выбор; 2) вариант (в языке Ада).

You can choose some useful books for your report in this library. If the choice of input and output devices is right, a microcomputer can be very helpful in education.

9.Mode – 1) способ работы; метод; 2) режим (работы). Off-line mode – автономный режим.

On-line mode – режим (работы) под управлением цен- трального процессора, неавтономный режим

The printer "EPSON FX-80" has four indicators that send messages about the state (состояние) and the mode of the printer's work. An on-line mode is the main mode of the printer by means of which we can control the quality of work. We use an off-line mode in the printer to put paper in the necessary place automatically.

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