Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса. Учебное пособие

Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса

6. Наберите на клавиатуре команды, необходимые

для того, чтобы:

а) вывести на экран дисплея метку тома, б) создать системный диск,

в) определить версию MS-DOS, г) ввести комментарий в файл, д) настроить систему.

7. Найдите слово, перевод которого дан в левой ко-

лонке:

8. Найдите правильное написание слова, перевод

которого дан в левой колонке:

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9. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

The Fifth Generation Computer System

The fifth generation computer will not only differ in size, speed, and storage capacity. By contrast with the fourth generation systems, which mainly store and process data, it will have the following characteristics: the use of artificial intelligence and natural languages, a speech input, knowledge bases, very large-scale integration technologies, the application of optical fibres and videodisks, flexibility and high reliability.

The idea of artificial intelligence is the intensification of man's creative activities with the aid of computers. Artificial intelligence is a machine intelligence. A programmer packs a program in the computer for the solution of some practical problems. In operation it looks like human intelligence. There are different categories of artificial intelligence uses, such as robots and machines with sensory capabilities, knowledge-based systems and expert systems. A knowledge base is more flexible and less structural than a database. It is able to function with fewer stored facts, to generate and infer new facts in the process of the problem solution. Expert systems are knowledge-based systems for highly specialized areas: branches of medicine, spectroscopic analysis, and the like.

Artificial intelligence needs new methods of program organization and construction. Very large-scale integration technologies will reduce the size of the computer, enlarge its speed and storage capacity. For the solution of these problems some researchers think of optical circuitry, gallium arsenide circuitry, and cryogenic (extremely cold) circuitry. For the solution of still more difficult problems, such as the production of hyperintelligent

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robots, some researchers discuss the problems of biochip circuitry. This is a revolutionary idea and its realization is in the distant future.

NOTES

fibre – волокно

to generate – производить to infer – делать заключение to reduce – уменьшить circuitry – схема

gallium arsenide – арсенид галлия

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UNIT 4. Lesson 15

UNIT 4.

Lesson 16

Topic: Pentium

Grammar: The Continuous Tenses

Лексика, грамматика

1. Прочтите и переведите слова, обращая внимание

на часть речи:

Hybrid (n, a); symbol (n); hydrodynamics (n); aerodynamics (n); binary (a); abbreviation (n) ; location (n); command (n); manipulate (v); alphabetize (v); synthesizer (n); test (n); permanent (a).

Прочтите и запомните новые слова:

1.Represent – представлять, изображать. Representation – представление, изображение.

A digital computer is a binary machine, which represents 0 and I electrically. If a number must have seven digits for its binary representation, we say that it contains seven bits. The computer stores binary representations in primary memory.

2. Character – символ; цифра; буква

The data of type character is simple enough since one byte represents each character. The characters "H", "M", "S" may stand for "hour", "minute", "second".

3. String [striŋ] – строка.

We use the term "string" or "character string" instead of a data type "word" (we apply "word" to describe the larger-than-byte-sized group of bits). The compare operation for strings will decide if two strings are identical, and, if they are not, which comes earlier in the alphabet.

4. Integer – целое число.

The integer is the simplest data type. The computer performs arithmetic operations on the data of the integer type.

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5. Hardware – аппаратное обеспечение ЭВМ.

The constituent parts of a computer are called hardware. The hardware inside the machine expresses arithmetical and logical relations (отношения).

6.Fetch – вызов, выборка; вызывать, выбирать (например, команду или данные из памяти).

The processor carries out four commands: fetch the instruction, fetch the data upon which the instruction is to act, carry out the instruction, store the result. If you want to fetch an instruction, you must type (напечатать) its name on the keyboard and then press the key "ENTER".

7.Link – звено; связь; команда возврата; связывать. Linkage – связь; возврат; согласующее устройство.

The link of the central processor to input and output devices is not as direct as the link to memory. A specialized processor, a controller, links a disk drive to a computer. A computer's architecture is the logical linkage of its processor to memory, input and output devices.

8.File – 1) файл; 2) картотека, архив. Data file – файл данных.

Each file has its name, type, length in Kbytes, the date and the time of its creation. Secondary memory is organized into files.

9.Access – 1) выборка (из памяти); 2) обращение (к памяти). Access time – время обращения.

RAM (Random Access Memory) – память с произволь-

ной выборкой.

Hard disks can store much more information than floppy disks, their access is faster. RAM is a working memory which can accept new information from a peripheral device. The access time of bipolar memory is about 100 nanoseconds.

10. Tape – лента.

Punched paper tape – бумажная перфолента.

Typical recording devices are magnetic disks and cassette tapes. Punched paper tapes are input devices. A computer can record on a magnetic tape at the rate of 1,000,000 characters per second.

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UNIT 4. Lesson 15

11. Plotter – графопостроитель.

Plotters are output devices. Plotters do no texts at all, but only graphs, maps or pictures.

12.Load – загрузка; нагрузка; загружать; нагружать. Loader – программа загрузки.

Loading – нагрузка; загрузка.

After self-testing the computer begins to load the operational system. IBM computers usually take 20-40 seconds for their loading.

13.Switch – переключатель; переключать. To switch on – включать.

To switch off – выключать.

Before our work with a computer we must switch its disk drive and system unit on. There is a special switch on the computer keyboard that regulates the work with Russian and Latin alphabets.

14. Message – сообщение.

Error message – сообщение об ошибке.

The error message "BAD COMMAND OR FILENAME" means that the name of the command or file is not correct. When arithmetic operations are incorrect, e. g., division by 0, there is a special message on the screen.

2. Замените слова в скобках их английскими экви-

валентами:

1. Through binary arithmetic, in which all numbers are (строки) of Os and Is, the computer can (представить) any letter, number or symbol in a binary code. 2. The computer immediately translates (целое число) into its binary (представление). 3. The computer can join (символьные строки). 4. The terms "byte" and ("символ") are sometimes used synonymously. 5. We shall discuss (аппарат- ное обеспечение) of this computer at the next seminar. 6. What must a user do (вызвать) the necessary data from memory? 7. (Связь) of the central processor to input devices may be through a very small specialized processor, a channel. 8. There are two important factors about the memory unit: an (обращение) time and a capacity. 9. Storage units may use magnetic (ленты) and disks.

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Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса

10. One of the forms of computer output is output, on paper with the help of printers and (графопостроителей). 11. When the process of (загрузки) is over, we shal! see a special (сообщение) on the screen, 12. The command "MODE" of the operational system MS DOS allows (переключать) the screen for the demonstration of graphic or text information.

3. Составьте предложения из подходящих по смыслу

словосочетаний, данных влевойи правойколонках таблицы:

4. Выберите синонимы следующих слов из правой

колонки таблицы:

5. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Pentium

In 1993, Intel Corp. introduced the Pentium, its "586" line of microprocessors. The Pentium processor is currently the most powerful processor Intel offers for the personal computer.

The Pentium is designed to operate IBM and IBM-compatible computers and any of the thousands of software programs written

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UNIT 4. Lesson 15

for DOS, Microsoft Windows, UNIX, and OS/2 operating systems. It's best at operating some of the most advanced software applications, including the growing number of multimedia and graphically oriented programs that require a lot of processing power.

David Hinz, senior technical marketing engineer for Intel Corp., says the newest version of Microsoft Corp.'s Windows, officially named Windows 95, has been specially enhanced to operate on the Pentium processor. According to Hinz, this means the next generation of Microsoft Windows and applications written for that environment will operate best on a Pentium – better than any 486 processor.

The size of the Pentium data bus has not changed much from Intel's previous line of microprocessors. The Pentium has a 32-bit data bus, passing along 32 bits of information to other computer components to tell them what to do. However, the amount of information the Pentium can process internally through buses in the chip has increased to 64 bits. In other words, the Pentium can transfer more information and operate faster internally than it can transfer information to other parts of the computer.

Originally the Pentium was introduced with two dock speeds of 60MHz and 66MHz. Intel later introduced Pentium processors with faster clock speeds of 90MHz and 100MHz. Just recently, Intel introduced a 75 MHz Pentium processor that Intel promises to be twice as fast as the 486DX4 operating at 75MHz. Each of these Pentium processors has a different level of processing power. To see how they compare while performing similar tasks, see the ICOMP rating in "The Makings of a Microprocessor" in this issue of PC Novice.

Like the 486 processors, the Pentium processors include a built-in cache on the chip. However, the Pentium includes 16KB instead of the 8KB found on most 486 microprocessors. This 16KB of cache is divided into 8KB of data cache and 8KB of code cache. These two types of cache increase the processor's performance by doubling the width and reducing conflicts within the cache.

Hinz says the Pentium has become more RISC – like than the 486. While the 486 executes frequently used instructions quickly in

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Язык информационных технологий и бизнеса

a single clock cycle, the Pentium executes frequently used instructions even more quickly, processing more than one instruction per dock cyde.

New superscalar technology lets the microprocessor move the information much faster. Multiple data "pipelines" let the microprocessor do more than one thing at a time. Hinz uses the analogy of stairways going from one floor to another, in which one stairway holds one person or one item, at a time. Think of the multiple data pipelines as several stairways being used to speed up the flow of information.

Another new technology, called branch prediction, also speeds up processing. "Computer code is kind of like driving down a street," explains Hinz. "As you execute computer code, often there is going to be a corner where you have to make a decision. 'Do I have to go right, left, or straight?' Branch prediction," says Hinz, "tries to predict how you are going to go and ensures that the processor has the information all ready to go, so where you turn right, it is ready to turn right."

The Pentium has an even better math coprocessor on the chip than the 486 models. The coprocessors are designed with a sophisticated pipelining scheme so they'll execute floatingpoint instruction five to 10 times faster than an Intel 486DX microprocessor running at 33MHz.

Intel is the only maker of the Pentium processor at this time. Other chip makers are developing their own 586-type chips, but none are using the Pentium name. (For more information, see "Alternative Options" in this issue of PC Novice.)

Upgrading the Pentium processor is somewhat limited. In early 1995, Hoffrnan says, Intel will introduce a line of Overdrive chips to upgrade the Pentium line. These Overdrive chips won't make the Pentium chips into 686-like chips, but will give them a mid-life boost to operate faster and more efficiently.

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