Производственная безопасность основы производственной безопасности. Практикум
.pdf
2907 |
ǘǔǙǔǝǞǑǜǝǞǎǚ ǚǍǜnjǓǚǎnjǙǔǫ ǔ Ǚnjǟǖǔ ǜǠ |
ǠǑǐǑǜnjǗǨǙǚǑ ǏǚǝǟǐnjǜǝǞǎǑǙǙǚǑ njǎǞǚǙǚǘǙǚǑ ǚǍǜnjǓǚǎnjǞǑǗǨǙǚǑ ǟǣǜǑǒǐǑǙǔǑ ǎǧǝǤǑǏǚ ǚǍǜnjǓǚǎnjǙǔǫ
«ǙnjǢǔǚǙnjǗǨǙǧǕ ǔǝǝǗǑǐǚǎnjǞǑǗǨǝǖǔǕ ǞǑǡǙǚǗǚǏǔǣǑǝǖǔǕ ǟǙǔǎǑǜǝǔǞǑǞ «ǘǔǝǴǝ»
ǖǬȀDZǰǼǬ ǭDZdzǺǻǬǽǹǺǽǾǴ Ǵ ȉǶǺǷǺǯǴǴ ǯǺǼǹǺǯǺ ǻǼǺǴdzǮǺǰǽǾǮǬ
ǛǼǺǴdzǮǺǰǽǾǮDZǹǹǬȋ
ǭDZdzǺǻǬǽǹǺǽǾȈ
ǚǽǹǺǮȇ ǻǼǺǴdzǮǺǰǽǾǮDZǹǹǺǵ ǭDZdzǺǻǬǽǹǺǽǾǴ
ǛǼǬǶǾǴǶǿǸ
ǐǺǻǿȅDZǹǺ ǟȃDZǭǹǺ-ǸDZǾǺǰǴȃDZǽǶǴǸ ǺǭȆDZǰǴǹDZǹǴDZǸ ǮǿdzǺǮ ǜǺǽǽǴǵǽǶǺǵ ǠDZǰDZǼǬȂǴǴ ǻǺ ǺǭǼǬdzǺǮǬǹǴȊ Ǯ ǺǭǷǬǽǾǴ ǯǺǼǹǺǯǺ ǰDZǷǬ Ǯ ǶǬȃDZǽǾǮDZ ǿȃDZǭǹǺǯǺ ǻǺǽǺǭǴȋ ǰǷȋ ǽǾǿǰDZǹǾǺǮ ǮǿdzǺǮ, ǺǭǿȃǬȊȅǴȁǽȋ ǻǺ ǹǬǻǼǬǮǷDZǹǴȊ (ǽǻDZȂǴǬǷȈǹǺǽǾǴ) «ǏǺǼǹǺDZ ǰDZǷǺ», ǽǻDZȂǴǬǷǴdzǬȂǴǴ «ǞDZȁǹǺǷǺǯǴȃDZǽǶǬȋ ǭDZdzǺǻǬǽǹǺǽǾȈ Ǵ ǯǺǼǹǺǽǻǬǽǬǾDZǷȈǹǺDZ ǰDZǷǺ»
ǘǺǽǶǮǬ 2017
ɍȾɄ
ɉ
Ɋ ɟ ɰ ɟ ɧ ɡ ɟ ɧ ɬ ɵ ɞ ɪ ɝɟɨɥ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥ ɧɚɭɤ ɩɪɨɮ ɋ.Ⱦ. Ƚɚɧɨɜɚ ɊȽȽɊɍ ɢɦ ɋɟɪɝɨ Ɉɪɞɠɨɧɢɤɢɞɡɟ
ɞ ɪ ɬɟɯɧ ɧɚɭɤ ɩɪɨɮ Ⱥ.ɗ. Ɏɢɥɢɧ
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɇ Ɉ Ʉɚɥɟɞɢɧɚ ȼ Ⱥ Ɇɚɥɚɲɤɢɧɚ Ɉ ȼ ɋɤɨɩɢɧɰɟɜɚ Ɇ ȼ ɉɚɜɥɟɧɤɨ ɋ ȼ Ȼɚɥɨɜɰɟɜ Ɍ ȼ Ɂɚɜɢɪɤɢɧɚ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɉ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɇ Ɉ Ʉɚɥɟɞɢɧɚ >ɢ ɞɪ @ ± Ɇ ɂɡɞ
Ⱦɨɦ Ɇɂɋɢɋ ± ɫ
,6%1
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ ©ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶª ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɫ ɱɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜ ɤɢ Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚ ɬɭɪɵ
ɉɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ©Ƚɨɪɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨª ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ©Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɝɨɪɧɨɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨª
ɍȾɄ
|
Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ |
,6%1 |
ɇɂɌɍ ©Ɇɂɋɢɋª |
|
|
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɵɥɟɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ
ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɦ ɜ ɲɚɯɬɚɯ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɯ
ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ
ɉɪɨɮɢɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ©ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶª ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ©Ƚɨɪɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨª ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ©Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɝɨɪɧɨɫɩɚɫɚ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨª ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɜɦɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ȿɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ
Ⱦɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ
Ⱦɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɜɵ ɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɚ
± ɤɚɤ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɢɫɤ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚ ɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
± ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɧɵɯ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ
± ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ ɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɱ ɧɢɤɚɯ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɡɚɳɢ ɬɵ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ©ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶª ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦ ɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟ ɧɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫ ɧɭɸ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟ ɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɚɹ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɦ ɜ ɲɚɯɬɚɯ ɢ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɡ ɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɈɌɇɈɋɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɃ ɗɎɎȿɄɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ ɉɕɅȿɉɈȾȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɈɊɈɒȿɇɂȿɆ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ± ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤ ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɵɥɟɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɉɵɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɢɫ ɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬ ɩ Ɍɚ ɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɩɵɥɶɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ȼɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɤɦ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɚ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ± ɜɨɡɞɭɯ Ⱦɢɫ ɩɟɪɫɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɟɦ Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɩɵɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɡɚ-
ɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɵɥɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɡ ɞɭɯɚ ɦɝ ɦ
ɉɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɪɵɜɱɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɨɡɨɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
ɉɵɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɟ ɢ ɜɡɪɵɜɱɚɬɵɟ ɫɦɟ ɫɢ ȼɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɩɵɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɩɧɟɜɦɨɤɨɧɢɨɡɚɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɢɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɥɚɪɢɧɝɢɬ ɬɪɚɯɟɢɬ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɬ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɧɢɹ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɞɪ ȼ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɵɥɟ ɜɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɵɥɟɨɬɫɨɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ Ɂɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɩɵɥɶɸ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
|
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.1 |
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɩɵɥɶɸ |
|
|
|
ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɩɵɥɶɸ |
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɢ ɟɞ |
Ɉɪɨɲɟɧɢɟ |
|
ɬɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ |
± |
ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫ ɭɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ |
± |
ɫɬɪɭɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ |
± |
ɜɨɞɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɵ ȼȼɗ |
± |
ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɡɨɧɭ ɩɵɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
± |
ɩɧɟɜɦɨɝɢɞɪɨɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɉȽɈ |
± |
ȼɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ |
|
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɵɥɟɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ
ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɵɥɟɣ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɟɣ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɯɪɨɦɚ ɮɬɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɭɝɥɟ ɪɨɞɚ ɮɬɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɪ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɥɚɡ ɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɩɥɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɧɚɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɪɟɡɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɵɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜ ɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɝ ɤɝ ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɟ ɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ ɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɵ Ɏɨɪɫɭɧɤɚ ± ɷɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɵɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɗɠɟɤɬɨɪ ± ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɢɧɟ ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɨ ɝɨ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ
ȼɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟ ɧɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɵɥɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ
ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ (ɉȾɄ) ± ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɱ ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɠɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɨ ɥɟɧɢɣ ȼ ɬɚɛɥ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɉȾɄ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɟɣ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.2
ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ
ȼɢɞ ɩɵɥɢ |
ɉȾɄ ɦɝ ɦ |
Ɇɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɜ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ |
|
ɞɨ |
|
ɨɬ ɞɨ |
|
Ʉɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ |
ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ |
ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɞɨ |
ɦɚɫɫɵ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɹ |
ɏɪɨɦɚ ɨɤɫɢɞ |
|
Ɇɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ |
|
Ʉɚɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ |
|
ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɞɨ |
|
ɍɝɥɟɩɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ |
|
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɞɨ |
|
ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɝɞɟ ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚ ɛɨɬɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɵɥɟɩɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɢ ɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ S ɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɇ ɦ ɜ ɤɨɬɨ ɪɨɦ ɨɛɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɪɢɫ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɧ ɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ ȼ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Qɫɜ ɦ ɦɢɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Qɫɜ ɚb N
ɝɞɟ ɚ ± ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ b ± ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɡɚ ɱ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɬɭ ɤɝ N ± ɧɨɪɦɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɤɝ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɦ ɤɝ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ Iɩ ɫɜ ɦɝ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
|
Iɩ ɫɜ |
abG |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
ɝɞɟ G ± ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɵɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɤɝ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ ɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ
1 2
Ɋɢɫ ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɰɟɯɟ 1 2 ± ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɵ ɗ ± ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪ Ɏ ± ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ Qɨɬɜ Qɩɪ ± ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦ ɦɟɫ ȼ ± ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ Ɍɚɤ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɋɇɢɉ ± ©Ɉɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɢ ɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟª ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɪɟɯɤɪɚɬ ɧɵɦ ɬ ɟ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ Ʉ ɱ± Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Qɤ ɦ ɦɢɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
|
Q |
ɄV |
Vɩɨɦ |
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
ɤ |
ɩɨɦ |
|
|
ɝɞɟ Vɩɨɦ ± ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.3
Ʉɪɚɬɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ
|
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ |
ɇɨɪɦɚ ɪɚɫ |
ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ |
|||||
|
ɩɵɥɢ ɨɛɪɚ |
ɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ |
ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ |
|||||
Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ |
ɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ |
ɧɚ ɤɝ ɫɠɢ |
|
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ |
|
|||
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɤɝ |
ɝɚɟɦɵɯ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ |
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ |
0Q2x |
|
+) |
&2 |
|
1 2 |
|
Gɝ ɤɝ |
Nɦ ɤɝ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ȺɇɈ |
|
|
|
|
± |
± |
|
± |
ȺɇɈ ɋ |
|
|
|
|
± |
± |
|
± |
ȺɇɈ |
|
|
|
|
± |
|
|
|
ȺɇɈ Ɍ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɄɉɁ Ɋ |
|
|
|
|
± |
± |
|
± |
ɆɊ |
|
|
|
|
± |
± |
|
± |
ɆɊ |
|
|
|
|
± |
± |
|
± |
ɈɁɋ Ⱥ |
|
|
|
|
± |
± |
|
± |
ɈɁɋ |
|
|
|
|
± |
± |
|
± |
ɊȻɍ |
|
|
|
|
± |
± |
|
± |
ɋɆ |
|
|
|
|
± |
± |
|
± |
ɍɈɇɂ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɍɈɇɂ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɐɅ |
|
|
|
|
|
± |
|
± |
ɐɍ |
|
|
|
|
|
± |
|
± |
|
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɪɢɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Qɥ ɦ ɦɢɧ ɧɚ ɱɟɥ ɞɨɥ |
||||
ɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦ ɱ ɬ ɟ |
|
|
|
||
|
Q |
|
ɩ |
|
|
|
|||||
|
ɥ |
ɥ |
|
||
ɝɞɟ nɥ ± ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɥ
ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Qɫɜ Qɤ Qɥ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢ ɦɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ Qɜ ɦ ɫ
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɋɧɚɱ ɦɝ ɦ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɪɚ ɛɨɬɵ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɵɥɟɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
|
ɋ |
ɧɚɱ |
Iɩ ɫɜ |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Qɜ |
|
||
|
|
|
|
||
ɝɞɟ Iɩ ɫɜ ± ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɦɝ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɋɨɫɬ ɮ ɦɝ ɦ ɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɋɨɫɬ ɷ ɦɝ ɦ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
|
|
Iɩ ɫɜ 'Iɩ ɮ |
½ |
|
|
||
Cɨɫɬ ɮ |
|
|
|
|
° |
|
|
|
Qɜ |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
° |
|
|
|||
Iɩ ɫɜ 'Iɩ ɷ |
|
¾ |
|||||
C |
|
° |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||||
ɨɫɬ ɷ |
|
Qɜ |
° |
|
|
||
|
|
¿ |
|
|
|||
ɝɞɟ ¨Iɩ ɮ ¨Iɩ ɷ ± ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɝ ɫ
¨Iɩ ɮ ɢ ¨Iɩ ɷ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
|
'I |
|
Q ȿ ɋ |
½ |
|
|
|
ɩ ɮ |
ɮ ɮ ɧɚɱ |
¾ |
|||
|
'Iɩ ɷ |
Qɷȿɷɋɧɚɱ |
¿ |
|
|
|
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ Qɮ ɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ Qɷ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Qɮ ɦ ɦɢɧ Qɷ ɦ ɦɢɧ
Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɩɵɥɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɵɥɟɭɥɚɜ ɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢ ɫɬɟɦɚ ɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɚɛɥ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ȿɮ ɢ ȿɷ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
|
|
|
C |
C |
½ |
|
|
||
Eɮ ɩ |
|
ɧɚɱ |
|
ɨɫɬ ɮ |
° |
|
|
||
|
Cɧɚɱ |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
° |
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
¾ |
|||||
E |
ɷ ɩ |
Cɧɚɱ |
Cɨɫɬ ɷ |
° |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
Cɧɚɱ |
° |
|
|
||||
|
|
|
¿ |
|
|
||||
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ
ɫ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ &ɨɫɬ ɮ ! ɋɨɫɬ ɷ ɢɥɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪ ɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɋɨɫɬ ɷ ! ɋɨɫɬ ɮ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
|
E |
ɋɨɫɬ ɮ |
ɋɨɫɬ ɷ |
|
|
||
|
|
|
|||||
ɋ |
ɋ |
|
|||||
|
ɨɬɧ |
|
|
||||
|
|
ɨɫɬ ɮ |
ɨɫɬ ɷ |
|
|
|
|
ɝɞɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɋɨɫɬ ɮ ɢ ɋɨɫɬ ɷ