Производственная безопасность основы производственной безопасности. Практикум
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ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ:
± ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ± î î ɦ
± ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɚ ±
± ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɡɚ ɱ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭ b ± ɤɝ ɱ
± ɦɚɪɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ± ɋɆ N ɦ ɤɝ G ɝ ɤɝ
± ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɯɟ nɥ ± ɱɟɥ
± ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ȿɮ ɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ȿɷ ȿɮ ȿɷ
± ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ Qɮ ɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ Qɷ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Qɮ ɦ ɦɢɧ Qɷ ɦɁ ɦɢɧ
± ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɵɥɢ ± ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɚɹ ɋɉȾɄ ɦɝ ɦ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɠɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
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ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵ
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ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ Qɜ Qɫɜ ɦ ɦɢɧɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɢ ɫɪɚɜ
ɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɉȾɄ
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ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ |
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Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚ ɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
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Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
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Cɧɚɱ Cɨɫɬ ɷ |
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Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɫɭɧ ɤɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
E |
ɋɨɫɬ ɮ ɋɨɫɬ ɷ |
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ɨɬɧ |
Cɨɫɬ ɮ |
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ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɋɧɚɱ ɦɝ ɦ ɩɪɟ ɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɉȾɄ ɦɝ ɦ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɵɥɟɩɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɋɨɫɬ ɮ ɦɝ ɦ ɢ ɋɨɫɬ ɷ ɦɝ ɦ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɢ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɸ ©ɩɵɥɶªɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ©ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚª"Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɭ ©ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ
ɬɪɚɰɢɹªɄɚɤɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɵɥɟɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ"Ɉɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɵɥɟɩɨɞɚɜɥɟ
ɧɢɹ" ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɵɥɟɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.4
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
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ɑɢɫɥɨ |
Ɉɛɴɟɦ |
ɑɢɫɥɨ |
Ɇɚɫɫɚ |
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Ɇɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɚɹ ɩɵɥɶ |
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ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ |
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ɩɨɫ |
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ɪɚɛɨɬ |
ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ |
Ɍɢɩ |
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ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ 0Q ɢ |
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ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ |
ɬɨɜ |
ɳɟɧɢɹ |
ɧɢɤɨɜ |
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ |
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ |
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nɥ |
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ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ 0Q |
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Vɩɨɦɦ |
bɤɝ |
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ɋɉȾɄɦɝ ɦ |
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ȺɇɈ |
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ɈɁɋ Ⱥ |
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ɈɁɋ |
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ɐɅ |
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ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ɌȿɉɅɈȼɕȾȿɅȿɇɂɃ ɂ ȻɈɊɖȻȺ ɋ ɂɁȻɕɌɈɑɇɕɆ ɌȿɉɅɈɆ ȼ ɒȺɏɌȺɏ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ± ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɬɟɩ ɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɲɚɯɬ ɢ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ Ɇɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɫɬɶɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧ ɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ
Ɇɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠ ɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ȼ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɲɚɯɬɚɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ȼ ɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɲɚɯɬ ɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Ɇɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨ ɝɢɸ ɢ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɭ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɨɬ Ⱦɠ ɫ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɞɪ ɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɟ ɢ ɞɨ Ⱦɠ ɫ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ɍɟɪɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɋ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ Ɂɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɭ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɧɢ ɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦ Ʉ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɜɨ ɞɢɬ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
2.2.1. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹ ɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɬɚ Ʉɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟ ɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧ ɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɛɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ Ɉɞɟɠɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲ ɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɞɟɠɞɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɟɩ
ɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ Ɍɟɩɥɨɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ ɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɋ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɥɭɱɟ ɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɧɭɥɸ ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ ɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɥɭɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ
ɉɨɬɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢ ɨɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨɬɚ ɂɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨ ɰɟɫɫ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɉɨɬɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ ɬɭɪɵ
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ ɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.1 |
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ |
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Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ |
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ tɜ ɋ |
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ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɦ ɫ |
ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ |
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ɛɨɥɟɟ |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.2 |
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Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ |
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ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭ |
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ tɜ ɋ |
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ɯɚ ɦ ɫ |
ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɹɯɋ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦ ɫ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɚɥ ɩɨɬɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ Ɍɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤȾɠ ɱ Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɱɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦɢ ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɛɵ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɤȾɠ ɜ ɫɦɟɧɭ
Ɇɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚ ɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɦ ȼ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɋɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɚɯɬ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɫɦ ɬɚɛɥ ɉɪɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɲɚɯɬɚɯ ɋɚɧɢ ɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨ ɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɦ ɬɚɛɥ
ɂɡ ɬɚɛɥ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɬɟɦɩɟ ɪɚɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɯ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ Qɥ ɤȾɠ ɱ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
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Qɥ qn |
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ɝɞɟ q ± ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ ɤɨɦ q ɤȾɠ ɱ n ± ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
2.2.2. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɩɨɪɨɞ tɩɨɪ ɋ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ tɜ ɋ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɇ
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tɩɨɪ |
tɧ |
H hɧ |
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Ƚɫɬ |
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ɝɞɟ tɧ ± ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ Ⱦɨɧɛɚɫ ɫɚ tɧ ɋ ɞɥɹ Ʉɭɡɛɚɫɫɚ tɧ ɋ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɪɚɝɚɧɞɵ tɧ ɋ ɞɥɹ Ɇɨɫɛɚɫɫɚ tɧ ɋ
hɧ ± ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦ Ƚɫɬ ± ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɦ ɋ
ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɦ ɨɬ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ƚɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟ ɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɪɨɞ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨ ɹɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ Ƚɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯɦ ɋ ȼ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɧɚ ɱɚɳɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɦ ɋ ɜ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ± ɦ ɋ ɜ ɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ± ɦ ɋ
Ƚɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɜ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɚɯɬɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ Ⱦɨɧ ɛɚɫɫɚ ɦ ɋ Ʉɭɡɛɚɫɫɚ ± ɦ ɋ Ʉɚɪɚɝɚɧɞɵ ± ɦ ɋ Ɇɨɫɛɚɫɫɚ ± ɦ ɋ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɹɞɪɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ Qɨɯɥ ɤȾɠ ɱ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢ ɟɦ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ
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Qɨɯɥ Kt PL tɩɨɪ tɜ K |
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ɝɞɟ Kt ± ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɤɤɚɥ ɱÂɦā ɋ P ± ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦ
L ± ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦ tɩɨɪ ± ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɋ tɜ ± ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɋ K ± ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɣ ɜ ɞɠɨɭɥɢ K ɤɚɥ Ⱦɠ
2.2.3. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ
ɍɝɨɥɶ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɭɞɵ ɭɝɥɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɥɚɧɰɵ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ Qɨɤ ɤȾɠ ɱ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ⱥ Ɏ ȼɨɪɨɩɚɟɜɚ
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Q |
q v PLK |
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ɨɤ |
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ɝɞɟ qɨ ± ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɤ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ v ɦ ɫ qɨ ɤɤɚɥ ɱÂɦ
2.2.4. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ȼ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ȼ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟ ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ Qɫɠ ɤȾɠ ɱ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɧɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
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Qɫɠ GLVLQD |
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ɝɞɟ G ± ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦ ɱ L ± ɞɥɢɧɚ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦ D ± ɭɝɨɥ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɭɫ
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G vS |
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ɝɞɟ S ± ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦ
2.2.5. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ȼ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɬɟɩ ɥɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɫɜɟɬɢɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɗɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚ ɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɢɯ ɝɞɟ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡ ɞɭɯɚ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ Qɦ ɤȾɠ ɱ
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Qɦ NɩɨɬɪKɡK |
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ɝɞɟ Nɩɨɬɪ ± ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤȼɬ Kɡ ± ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ Kɡ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɥ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɛɟɞɨɤ ɤȾɠ ɱ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɟ
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Qɥ ɩ Kɦ NɥKɡK |
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ɝɞɟ Kɦ ± ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ Kɦ ɦ Nɥ ± ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɥɟɛɟɞɤɢ ɤȼɬ
ɩɪɢ ɫɩɭɫɤɟ
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Qɥ ɫ |
NɥKɡK |
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Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ Qɬɪ ɤȾɠ ɱ |
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Qɬɪ |
NɬɪtɬɪK |
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ɝɞɟ Nɬɪ ± ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ɤȼɬ tɬɪ ± ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ tɬɪ
2.2.6. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɚɛɨɣɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ Qɛ ɤȾɠ ɱ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ
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Qɛ PlɛKqɛ |
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ɝɞɟ Ɋ ± ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɭ ɦ lɛ ± ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢ ɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɰɢɤɥ ɦ lɛ ɦ qɛ ± ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
qɛ ɤɤɚɥ ɦÂɱ
2.2.7. Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ Qɨɛɳ ɤȾɠ ɱ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ
ɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɩ ± ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
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n |
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Qɨɛɳ ¦Qi |
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i |
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ɝɞɟ i ± ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ
ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɚɧɢ ɬɚɪɧɨ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɭ ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɲɚɯɬɵ ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɨɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɟ ɩɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɲɚɯɬɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜ ɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɬɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧ ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɨ ɦ ɫ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɨ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɛɟɡ ɟɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ Gɬɟɩ ɦ ɱ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
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G |
Qɨɛɳ |
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ɫɪ'tU |
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ɬɟɩ |
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ɝɞɟ ɫɪ ± ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɫɪ ɤɤɚɥ ɤɝÂ ɋ
't ± ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɫɜɟɠɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɋ U ± ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ U ɤɝ ɦ
ȿɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Gɬɟɩ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɭ ɯɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ± ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ