Производственная безопасность основы производственной безопасности. Практикум
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.1
ɍɞɚɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ |
ɉɟɫɨɤ |
ɋɭɩɟɫɨɤ |
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦ |
ɋɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ |
Ƚɥɢɧɚ |
Ɍɨɪɮ |
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ɍɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜ |
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ɥɟɧɢɟ ȡɬ Ɉɦāɦ |
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Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɸ Rɧ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɉɍɗ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨ ȼ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ Rɧ Ɉɦ ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɦɨɳ ɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɸ ɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤȼȺ ɬɨ Rɧ Ɉɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ Rɧ Ɉɦ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɬɨɤɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɫɬɢ ɞɥɹɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
± ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ t ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟ
ɫɤɢɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ d ɢ ɞɥɢɧɭ l |
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Rɬɪ ȡ l OJ l d t |
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± ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɚ ɢɥɢ |
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ɫɜɚɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ d ɡɚɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɧɭ l |
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RF ȡ l OJ l d |
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± ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ |
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Rɮ ȡ S |
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ɝɞɟ S ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦ
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ Rɧ ɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ȿɫɥɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫ
ɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɹ
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Rɢ ɞɨɩ RHRɧ RH Rɧ |
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ɝɞɟ RH ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɜɢɞ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ Ɂɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɛɵɱ ɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɹɞ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ ɰɟɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɨɛɨ ɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɭɬɤɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɦɦ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ ɦ ɧɟɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɦɦ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɨɬî ɞɨ î ɦɦ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɶɸ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɦ
ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɬɨ ɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
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ɩɪɢ l !! d t l t ɡɞɟɫɶ t ɦ
Ɋɢɫ Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ l ± ɞɥɢɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɦ d ± ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɹ t ± ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ t ± ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɹ
ȿɫɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɤɢ b ɬɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ d b
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤ ɬɪɨɞɨɜ n Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢ ɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ Șɷ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ n ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
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Șɷn Rɷ Rɢ ɞɨɩ |
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ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɜɟɪ ɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɤ ɢɯ ɞɥɢɧɟ l ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ n ɇɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɜ ɛɨғɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɞɨ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.2 |
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Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ n |
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ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɹɞ |
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ |
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Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɇɚɯɨ ɞɢɦ ɞɥɢɧɭ L ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶ ɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɹɞ
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ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ |
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L na |
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ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɨ ɫɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɦ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɦ ɉɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɩɪɢ
L >> t !! ɋ
Rn ȡ L OJ L &t
ɝɞɟ ɋ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶ ɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ t ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɫɦ ɪɢɫ
ȿɫɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɋ d
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧ
ɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɹ |
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Rɢ RɷRɧ RɷȘɩ RɧȘɷn |
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ɝɞɟ Șɩ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶ ɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ Șɷ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ
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RɟRɧ |
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ɡ ɭ |
Rɟ Rɢ |
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Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Rɡ ɭ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ Rɢ ɞɨɩ ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ Rɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ Rɢ ɞɨɩ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɦɟ
ɬɚɥɥɚ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɹ
ɇɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɨ ɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.3
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Șɩ
ʋ |
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Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜn |
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ɩ ɩ |
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Șɩ |
ɩɪɢ |
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɹɞ |
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Șɩ ɩɪɢ |
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ
Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɉɨɞɦɨɫɤɨɜɶɟ Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɫɥɚɧɰɵ ȡ Ɉɦāɦ ȡɮ Ɉɦāɦ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨ ɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɹɞ
ɇɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ
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Rɧ Ɉɦ |
ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɬɨɤɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
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Rɮ Ɉɦ |
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ î ɦ ɩɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɭɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɬɨɤɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɹ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
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Ɉɦ |
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ɢ ɞɨɩ |
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ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵ ɜɚɟɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
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OJ |
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ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
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ɲɬ |
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ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
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Rɩ |
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¸ Ɉɦ |
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ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɬ ɟ
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ɝɞɟ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɡɚɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɫɨɟɞɢ ɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
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ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ Rɢ ɞɨɩ = Ɉɦ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧ ɨɬ ɟɫɬɟ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ ɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
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ȼɢɞ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɹɞ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɚɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɟɫɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ î ɦ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤ ɬɪɨɞɚ l ɦ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ lɩ ɦ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɫɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ Rɡ ɭ Ɉɦ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ
Ɋɢɫ Ɂɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ 1 ɡɞɚɧɢɟ 2 ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ 3 ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤ 4 ɡɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ 5 ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ 6 ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.4
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
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Ɂɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɶ |
Ƚɪɭɧɬ |
Uȼ |
lɦ |
ɚɦ |
t ɫɦ |
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Ɂɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɢ |
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ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ |
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Sɦ |
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b ɫɦ |
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ |
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Ƚɥɢɧɚ |
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ɋɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ.ɤ ± ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ S ± ɜ ɪɹɞ ɮ ± ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɫ ± ɫɜɚɹ ɬ ± ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞb ± ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɭɝɨɥɤɚ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ"Ʉɚɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɧɭɸɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɦ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ"Ʉɚɤ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɟ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ" ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɄɚɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɨ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ"ɑɬɨɦɨɠɧɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ"ȼɤɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯɧɟɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɝɨɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ"ɑɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ"ȼɤɚɤɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɡɚɡɟɦɥɢɬɟɥɢ"Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ
ɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ"
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ɉɊɈɉɍɋɄɇɈɃ ɋɉɈɋɈȻɇɈɋɌɂ ȼɈȾɈɇȺȽɊȿȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɕɏ ɉɊɂȻɈɊɈȼ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ± ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɨ ɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ȼɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɦ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɬɨɩɤɭ ɨɛɨ ɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɜɧɟ ɫɚ ɦɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
Ȼɨɣɥɟɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɨ ɞɹɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ± ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨɉɚɪ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨ ɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ȼɢɞɵ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨ ɜɚɧɢɹ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɯɨɡɹɣ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɉɪɨɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɫ ɯɨɞɚ ɂ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɬɨɩɥɢ ɜɚ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹ ɟɬɫɹ ɉɪɨɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɢ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɫɤɨɥɶ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɛɟɡ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɫ
ɇɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɨɣɥɟɪ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɱ ɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ȼ ɛɨɣɥɟ ɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨ