Иностранный язык (английский). Учебное пособие-1

Exercise 1. Read the text and translate it.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions to the text:

1.Are family problems common in psychological practice?

2.What could be the result of problems in a family?

3.What is the most common problem?

4.What are the reasons of problems in couple relationship?

5.Why do some families cannot resolve their problems themselves?

6.When is it necessary to look for the outside help?

Vocabulary practice

Exercise 3. Translate into Russian.

1.Each family is unique but all families have common problem.

2.Some family problems are easily managed, but some are difficult and chronic.

3.Injuries, financial difficulties and changing schools could be the result of family problems.

4.Constant battles between brothers and sisters are the most common problems.

5.Medical problems in one person can cause the problem for the relationship.

6.Problems in a family can develop because of poor communication.

7.Poor communication takes place when family members avoid talking to each other.

8.Skills of negotiating are very important for conflict resolution.

9.Each of us has strengths and weaknesses. We do not like to talk about our weaknesses.

10.Results of therapy depend on the family's willingness to participate.

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1.Люди с проблемами в семье часто ищут помощь у профессиональных психологов.

2.Некоторые психологические проблемы могут быть причиной травм и заболеваний.

3.Перемена места работы и переезд могут быть результатами конфликтов в семье.

4.Иногда слабая коммуникация в семье является причиной проблем в семье.

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5.Медицинские или психологические проблемы у одного из супругов могут быть причиной проблем у всей семьи.

6.Некоторые семьи не имеют навыков ведения переговоров.

7.Многие семьи избегают разговоров о проблемах в семье.

8.У каждой семьи есть сильные и слабые стороны.

9.Профессиональная помощь со стороны должна быть своевременной.

Reading

Text № 8. Divorce: a fifty-fifty chance?

Exercise 1. Read the title of the article. Write a question that you think the article will answer.

Divorce is a growing problem in the United States and many other developed countries. Although thousands and thousands of happy couples get married every year, more than 50 percent of them get divorced. Two researchers at the University of Washington studied marriage and divorce. They learned a lot from their research. With this information, they created a mathematical formula that predicts divorce. Mathematician James Murray and psychologist John Gottman agree that their predictions are correct almost all of the time.

How do they do it? A husband and wife talk about a difficult subject for 15 minutes. The researchers videotape them. In addition, they record physical information such as heart rate. Then the researchers listen to the conversation. They watch the body language and look at the facial reactions. After that, they give the couple positive and negative points.

For example, the couple might talk about mothers-in-law. If the husband says, "Your mother is a lot of trouble" the couple gets two negative points. If the wife rolls her eyes, they get two more negative points. However, if the husband says, "Your mother is a lot of trouble, but sometimes she's funny" then the couple gets one positive point. If he smiles, they get another one.

In the end, the researchers add up the points. A good marriage has five more positive points than negative points. However, the researchers say that a bad score is not necessarily the end of a marriage. Marriages with bad scores can survive. They hope that couples will use the information from the study to learn to communicate. However, not everyone believes that mathematics can stop divorce. A professor of psychology at New York

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University says that it is "absolutely impossible" to use mathematics to help a marriage. The scientists disagree. They have studied this problem for 16 years. In that time, they have studied more than 700 couples. Their predictions are 94 percent accurate. It seems necessary for the survival of marriage that we listen to them.

If you’ve found the answers to your question, what are they?

Vocabulary practice

Exercise 2. Guess meaning from related words.

The following words are in the text. Find other words that are related to them.

1.married _________

2.mathematical ______

3.predicts ____________

4.necessary ___________

5.psychology__________

6.agree_______________

Exercise 3. Read the statements and write true (T) or false (F).

1.Most married couples get divorced.

2.There is a mathematical formula that predicts who should get married.

3.A mathematician worked with a sociologist.

4.For their study, the researchers videotaped couples.

5.The couples took a written test.

6.The researchers gave each couple positive and negative points.

7.If the score is bad, the couple has to get divorced.

8.The formula predicts incorrectly 6 percent of the time.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions.

1.What three things do the researchers look at?

2.Find two examples of body language or facial reactions in the text.

Speaking

Exercise 5. Discuss the following:

1.Do you think if it is OK for women to propose to men? Why yes or why not?

2.How important is communication in marriage?

3.Do you think mathematics can predict divorces?

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Additional exercises

Upbringing and family relations

Vocabulary practice

Exercise 1. Study the following words:

1)to bring up – воспитывать;

2)to cope with – справляться с;

3)to argue – спорить;

4)to raise a child – воспитывать, «поднимать» ребенка;

5)to share – делиться, разделять (интересы);

6)for the sake of – ради (кого-либо);

7)to afford – позволить себе;

8)free of charge – бесплатно;

9)orphan, orphanage – сирота, сиротский приют;

10)to observe clear-cut rules – соблюдать четко обозначенные правила;

11)реers – ровесники;

12)adult – взрослый;

13)to humiliate – унижать;

14)to accept restrictions – принимать ограничения;

15)to cause harm to others – вредить другим.

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the words and phrases from the previous exercise.

1. To bring up children is a difficult, but noble task. 2. I was raised in a very friendly family with a lot of children. 3. It's a shame that there are so many orphanages in our country. 4. On the one hand, they always say that everything is done for the sake of children. On the other hand, the children's rights are not properly protected. 5. The child should learn to accept restrictions, otherwise he can cause harm to other children. 6. The pupils must observe clear-cut rules. 7. It will never do to humiliate children at school. 8. The peers can influence the child greatly. 9. It is easier to cope with children when the adults share common interests with them. 10. We can argue with each other, we can disagree on some points, but still we are friends.

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Exercise 3. Read and translate the international words into English without dictionaries.

Проблемы, экзамены, стандарты, престижный, проект, личность, частный, индивид, психолог, концепция, диагноз, медицинский аутизм, социальная ниша, символизировать, индивидуальность, фокусироваться, концентрироваться, диалог, коммуникация, аппарат.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Его отказ удивил нас. 2. Почему вы решили отказаться от этого интересного предложения? 3. Давайте сравним эти две концепции. 4. Я была смущена. 5. Мы оценили его достижения в науке. 6. Мы спорили весь вечер, но так и не согласились друг с другом. 7. Мамы могут наблюдать за своими детьми, и эти наблюдения помогают им в воспитании. 8. Родители получают знания о том, как надо воспитывать детей. 9. Дети принимают ограничения с легкостью. 10. Давайте предположим, что у нас нет никаких ограничений. Это предположение меня пугает. 11. Журналисты написали о создании этого проекта.

Reading

Text № 9. How to cope with parents

Exercise 5. The agony column, Advice Special, gets hundreds of letters from young people asking for help and advice on how to cope with their parents. Make a list of three problems young people have most often with their parents. Share your list with the class. Which problem is the most common?

Dear Advice Special,

The problems with my parents started when I was 16. I wanted to get a Saturday job but my parents ordered me to stay at home and study for my exams. Whenever I pointed out that all my friends had Saturday job, they always replied, "We don't care what they do, it's you we're worried about"? and yet whenever my school marks were bad, I was always compared with everyone else. Their double standards infuriated me so much that I did whatever I could to provoke them. I purposely dried my hair white blonde and plastered my face in make-up before I went to school. However, all I managed to achieve was mass arguments before I went anywhere.

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It was a rule in the house that I was only allowed out once during the week and on Saturday till 10 p. m. Every time I attempted to go out in the evening, my parents asked me who I was going out with and where we were going.

Once I asked if I could go to a party on Saturday night. The party finished at 11.30. They agreed, but on the condition that my Dad came to pick me up at 10 p. m. I argued and argued about it, but in the end I had to agree. I was really embarrassed when my father came to pick me up. I didn't speak to my parents for three days after that.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text paying attention to the words in italics.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions to the text.

1.What is meant by "Agony column"?

2.Who, do you think, writes letters there?

3.What does the author of the letter mean by “double standards”?

4.Why wasn’t the girl allowed to work on Saturdays?

5.Do you approve the parents’ decision?

6.Why did the parents allow the girl to be out till 10 p.m. only?

7.Don’t you think it was a selfish decision?

8.Are the problems the girl described common for many teenagers?

9.What forms of struggle for her rights did the girl find?

10.What would you do if you were in her place?

Exercise 8. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the text.

A lot of teenagers write to Agony _____and ask for_______ .They have

______ with their parents and cannot cope ______ them. The trouble is that parents often ______ the children what to do instead of discussing and advising. The parents cannot change the style of their behavior because they think that their _________ are still young. They don't ______ their sons and daughters to stay out late. They control their every ______ . In reply the children _____ the parents: dry their hair or use a lot of makeup. As a result the relations get _____.

Speaking

Exercise 9. Exchange your opinions about the methods of upbringing in this family. Make up a talk between: a) the author of the letter and a

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psychologist; b) the mother and the father (the mother asks the father not to be so strict with the teenager); c) the teacher and one of the parents.

Exercise 10. This is a list of the most common reasons why teenagers walk out. Which four would be/would have been most likely to make you leave home? Discuss your decision with a partner.

–Teenager needs to establish their own identity.

–Teenager feels under pressure about the future.

–Teenager can't accept one parent's new partner.

–Violence at home.

–Parent is strict.

–Parents' expectations are too high.

Exercise 11.Discuss the following questions in pairs.

1.Who needs more attention: a child from a family with two parents or an orphan? Why?

2.In your everyday life you can watch the attitude of parents to young children. What positive and negative situations can you remember?

3.Is it necessary to teach young parents how to bring up their children? Why? How?

4.What are advantages and disadvantages of upbringing in kindergartens?

5.What do you think are the most important features of a person who takes care of young children?

6.What are the most common mistakes parents make when they bring up the young children?

Exercise 12. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Explain your point of view.

1. It makes no sense to discuss serious things with little children. They don't understand much. 2. Children who have parents do not need any special institutions, because they get enough attention in their family.

3.Young parents often do not understand the needs of their little ones.

4.When parents see that their children have the same problems as the others, they feel quieter. 5. Little children should not have any restrictions.

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Reading

Text № 10. The family in the USA and Great Britain

Exercise 1. Read the following text and speak about the family as an institution in the USA and in Britain.

The USA has many different types of families. Most families are traditional consisting of a father, a mother and one or two children, but 22 per cent of all American families at the end of the 20th century were headed by one parent, usually a woman. In some families there are no children. These childless couple may think that they would not make good parents; they may want freedom from responsibilities of childrearing; or they may be not physically able to have children. Other families have one adult who is a stepparent.

Americans tolerate and accept these different types of families. They respect each other's choices regarding family groups. Americans show great concern about the family as an institution. They worry that there are too many divorces. Four of five people in the US live as members of families and they value their families highly.

Families serve many functions. They provide a setting in which children are born and reared. Families help educate their members. Parents teach their children values. They teach their children daily skills, such as how to ride a bicycle. They also teach them common practices and customs, such as respect for elders and celebrating holidays. The most important job for a family is emotional support and security.

At 18, young people in the US can take on most of the rights and responsibilities of adulthood. But before it occurs, the American teenagers go through the period of adolescence. Psychologists say that most young people experience conflict during this period of their life. They prefer to spend time in the company of their friends and do fewer things in the company of their family. They often develop values different from those held by their parents.

A typical British family used to consist of a mother, a father and two children, but in recent years there have been many changes in family life. Some of them have been caused by new laws and others are the results of changes in the society. For example, since the law made it easier to get a

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divorce, the number of divorces has increased. In fact one marriage in every three now ends in divorce. This means that there are a lot of one-parent families. Society is now more tolerant than it used to be to unmarried people, unmarried couples and single parents.

Another change has been caused by the fact that people are living longer nowadays, and many old people live alone following the death of their partners. As a result of these changes in the patterns of people's lives, there are many households which consist of only one person or one adult and children.

You might think that marriage and the family are not so popular as they once were. However, the majority of divorced people marry again, and they sometimes take responsibility for a second family.

Members of a family (grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins) keep in touch but they see less of each other than they used to. This is because people often move away from their home town to work, and so the family becomes scattered. Christmas is a traditional season for reunions. Although the family group is smaller nowadays than it used to be, relatives often travel many miles in order to spend the holiday together.

In general, each generation is keen to become independent of parents in establishing their own family unit.

There are about 10 million old-age pensioners in Britain, of whom about 750,000 cannot live entirely independently. The government gives financial help in the form of a pension, but in the future it will be more and more difficult for the national economy to support the increasing number of elderly. At the present time, more than half of all old people are looked after at home. Many others live in Old Peoples' Homes, which may be private or state-owned.

Relationships within the family are different now. Parents treat their children more as equals than they used to, and children have more freedom to make their own decisions. The father is more involved with bringing up children, often because the mother goes out to work. Increased leisure facilities and more money mean that there are greater opportunities for the individual to take part in activities outside the home. Although the family holiday is still an important part of the family life many children have holidays away from their parents.

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Vocabulary practice

Exercise 2. Translate into Russian paying attention to the words in italics.

1. Their family is headed by the father. 2. It was a childless couple and they decided to adopt a child. 3. Childrearing is a great responsibility. 4. Stepparents treated the children with love and respect. 5. You should be more tolerant to teenagers. 6. I know that I must respect and accept people of all nationalities. 7. Our society shows great concern about a growing number of divorces. 8. Although a lot of people divorce and many are unmarried, the majority of citizens value their family highly. 9. The functions of the family are to educate children, to teach them values and daily skills. 10. Most of all I value emotional support and security which my family gives me. 11. Adults should show more wisdom in building relations in the family. 12. Officially children can take all rights and responsibilities at 18. 13. In the period of adolescence youngsters often experience conflict with the elder generation. 14. It is natural that every generation develops values different from their parents.

Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences. Speak about changes in the family life in recent years using the expression “used to".

Example: In the 19th century women used to stay at home, now most women work as much as men.

1. In the past children used to get very strict upbringing.2. In old Russia young girls used to marry those men whom they parents chose. 3. In a traditional Russian family several generations of relatives used to live together in one house. 4. The man used to be the breadwinner. 5. Women in old Russia used to stay at home. 6. Only children from well-to-do families used to get education. 7. Books in the past used to be very expensive.

Exercise 4. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1.Today the family in modern society plays an unimportant role.

2.The number of divorces increased because religion does not have as much influence as it used to have.

3.The conflict between the younger and older generations is inevitable.

4.Many people highly value the family.

5.It would be impossible to imagine the life of modern society without a family as an institution.

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