Иностранный язык (английский). Учебное пособие

МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РФ ФГБОУ ВО

«ВОРОНЕЖСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИНЖЕНЕРНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ»

Е.А. МОЛОДЫХ, С.В. ПАВЛОВА

ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК (АНГЛИЙСКИЙ)

(Б АКАЛАВ РИАТ )

FOREIGN LANGUAGE (ENGLISH LANGUAGE)

(BACCALAUREATE)

Утверждено редакционно-издательским советом университета

в качестве учебного пособия

ВОРОНЕЖ

2019

УДК 43:389.6 ББК Ш12=432.4, 51я7+л80я7

М58

Научный редактор доцент Е.А. ЧИГИРИН

Р е ц е н з е н т ы:

кафедра французского языка и иностранных языков для неязыковых профилей Воронежского государственного

педагогического университета;

канд. филол. наук Е.С. САЕНКО (Воронежский государственный аграрный университет)

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета

Воронежского государственного университета инженерных технологий

Молодых, Е.А.

литературой на иностранном языке, системное развитие коммуникативных способностей, обучение устным формам общения по научной тематике на материале предложенных текстов.

ISBN 978-5-00032-441-7

© Молодых Е.А., Павлова С.В., 2019 © ФГБОУ ВО «Воронеж. гос.

ун-т инж. технол.», 2019

Оригинал-макет данного издания является собственностью Воронежского государственного университета инженерных технологий, его репродуцирование (воспроизведение) любым способом без согласия университета запрещается.

INTRODUCTION

(ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ)

тексты для дополнительного чтения, которые способствуют расширению знаний в профессиональной области.

3

UNIT 1.

VETERINARY SCIENCE

Veterinary science

Animals have played a crucial role in the lives of humans for thousands of years. Veterinary science deals with the health and wellbeing of animals. Veterinary Science is also called veterinary medicine and includes the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the diseases of domestic animals and the management of other animal disorders. The scope of veterinary medicine is wide, covering all animal species, both domesticated and wild, with a wide range of conditions which can affect different species.The field also deals with those diseases that are intercommunicating between animals and humans.

Persons who serve as doctors to animals have existed since early times, and veterinary practice was already established as a specialty as early as 2000 ВС in Babylonia and Egypt and the ancient Greeks had "horse-doctors". Veterinary science was formalized as a discipline in the 18th century, when a host of specialized colleges were established across Europe. Since then, veterinary science has rapidly developed alongside with modern medicine. It’s evolved into a complex and advanced field, requiring a relatively long and demanding period of study in order to become a qualified practitioner.

Animal health is to ensure the efficient production of whole some animal products. Farm animals are susceptible to various infectious diseases and may suffer from viruses and harmful bacteria, so animals should be examined by veterinary surgeons regularly in order to notice disease symptoms in time and take the necessary preventive and control measures. Such common animal diseases as mastitis, brucellosis, swine fever, erysipelas, anthrax, and leptospirosis can quickly spread and cause major losses among stock animals, so they must be controlled or prevented by veterinary surgeons.

Vaccination and immunization, sanitary measures, and the severe segregation, or quarantine, of sick animals should be used by farmers and veterinary surgeons to prevent the spread of infectious diseases such as anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, canine

4

distemper, and rabies. Sanitary control of animal housing and proper pasture management are to eliminate any carriers of animal infectious diseases which can be easily transmitted by water and soil.

The government officials must be informed about the outbreak of a notifiable disease in order to prevent the disease spread. If an animal has contracted the infectious disease and cannot be cured, it will have to be slaughtered. Veterinary surgeons also treat parasitical infections, unsanitary conditions which may cause lower fertility in livestock, and nutritional disorders and they often have to set broken limbs and neuter domestic pets. Besides, veterinary scientists investigate the chronic infectious diseases associated with high morbidity rates and various metabolic disorders. The development of vaccine to control Marek's disease in chickens is an example of the economic effect of animal-disease research that was conducted by veterinary scientists. Much like human medical care, veterinary science is competitive and demanding, yet also highly regarded; it promises the rewards of social status, attractive employability and salary prospects – and of course the satisfaction of contributing to animals’ quality of life.

Vocabulary list

mastitis – мастит (воспаление молочной железы) brucellosis – бруцеллёз

erysipelas – рожистое воспаление, свиная краснуха anthrax – сибирская язва

leptospirosis – лептоспироз (острая инфекционная болезнь, вызываемая лептоспирами)

bovine tuberculosis – туберкулёз крупного рогатого скота canine distemper – чума собачьих, собачье бешенство rabies – бешенство

segregation – изоляция (больных животных)

to set broken limbs – зд. лечить сломанные конечности to neuter – кастрировать

notifiable – подлежащий извещению

contract a disease – заболеть, подцепить болезнь morbidity rate – показатель заболеваемости

5

I. Find the following words and phrases in the text. Make up sentences with them.

играть ключевую роль; наряду с; легализовать, придавать официальный статус; быть восприимчивым к различным инфекционным заболеваниям; страдать от вирусов и опасных микроорганизмов; предотвращать; вспышка болезни

II. Read and complete the following text using the phrases in the box.

utilized, mouth, stomach, the digestive tract, chew, vitamins

The plant and animal food taken by animals consists of protoplasm, which is made up of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, together with …………. and water. The water and inorganic salts can be absorbed from ………….. without change, but the protoplasmic materials must be altered before they can be ……….. Many animals use food that must be reduced physically before chemical digestion can proceed effectively. This is accomplished by teeth in the ………..

Some flesh eaters may bolt down their food in large pieces, and its physical reduction is accomplished by muscular action in the

………….. Herbivorous mammals that subsist upon plant materials

……….. their food thoroughly before they can swallow it.

III. Read the following text and open the brackets.

Veterinarians (work/ working) in pharmaceutical and biomedical research firms develop, test and supervise the production of drugs, chemicals, and biological products, such as antibiotics

6

and vaccines for human and animal use. (These/ this) veterinarians usually have specialized training in pharmacology,

From the history of veterinary medicine

The history of veterinary medicine is closely connected with the development of human medicine. Rudimentary medical skills are thought to have existed as early as 9000 BC among Middle Eastern shepherding cultures. These skills were developed further by Egyptians from about 4000 to 300 BC. Archaeologists have discovered papyrus fragments from an Egyptian medical textbook from around 1850 BC that describe diseases of cattle, dogs, birds, and fish. The fragments show that ancient Egyptians understood veterinary anatomy, recognized signs indicating certain diseases, and practiced specific methods of treatment. Evidence of animal medicine has also been found in other ancient civilizations, such as those of the Hindus, Babylonians, Arabs, Greeks, and Romans. Even at the ancient times diseases of people were compared with those of animals. Hippocrates and other known physicians made sections of animal corps to study the body structure, for the section of human body was not allowed by the church till the late Middle Ages. The veterinary medicine as a separate science appeared since the 17th century. At that time cattle plague was the most devastating disease that seriously affected Europe’s social and economic life. It greatly reduced the incomes of landowners, deprived merchants of products of animal origin, depleted

7

peasants, while the urban population could obtain meat, dairy products, leather and wool goods at extremely high prices.

The plague was of such great concern that Italian physician Giovanni Lancisi was ordered by the government to investigate this disease when it first appeared in Italy in 1713. Lancisi developed some measures to control the epizootic; he established the quarantine, the inspection of meat, the destruction of sick animals and the hygienic control of the environment. The control procedures prescribed by Lancisi soon liberated Rome and its surrounding countryside from the plague, but the remainder continued to devastate European countries.

The devastation caused by rinderpest was so great in France that nearly half the cattle population was destroyed between 1710 and 1714. The King established a commission of physicians and agriculturists to determine what action was needed. After 40 years of reports, petitions, enormous economic losses a royal decree empowered Claude Bourgelat, a physician, who was an eminent authority on animal diseases, to establish a school at Lyon for the study of diseases of cattle, horses and other domestic animals. The school was opened in 1762 and soon gained fame for its useful advice on handling disease outbreaks. Students from all over France and Europe came in Lyon to study. Later on new schools were established in Vienna, Berlin, Hanover, Copenhagen and other cities of Europe.

The dissemination of disease control measures, the quarantine of sick animals and restriction of their carriers, the slaughter of diseased animals, cleaning of cattle housing, barns and sheds, avoiding fields and pastures where sick animals had grazed, all this had brought effect. Not only public health but also mankind’s economic and social well-being have benefited from the advancement of veterinary medicine. The protection of animal health resulted in an expanded rural economy that in turn provided a base for the industry and development of the whole world market. Many world-known scientists among them many Russian researchers like professor V.L. Jakimov (parasitology), academician K.I. Skryabin, (founder of

8

Vocabulary list

rudimentary medical skills – базовые медицинские навыки ancient – древний

treatment – лечение, терапия physician – врач

cattle plague – чума скота

epizootic – вспышка заболеваний животных, падёж income – прибыль, доходы

landowner – землевладелец merchant – купец, торговец to graze – пасти (-сь)

to deplete peasants – разорять крестьян to deprive – лишать

to devastate (devastation – сущ. ) – опустошать, разорять rinderpest – чума (падёж) скота

to be of great concern – иметь большое значение dissemination – распространение

disease outbreak - вспышка болезни well-being – благосостояние

advancement – прогресс, движение вперед valuable contribution – ценный вклад

I. Answer the following questions.

1.Where and when were the first rudimentary medical skills found?

2.Where did these skills get further development?

3.What do Egyptian papyrus fragments perform?

4.When did the veterinary medicine as a separate science appear?

5.What stimulated the development of veterinary medicine?

6.What do you know about the first school of veterinary medicine?

7.What Russian scientists made a valuable contribution to the development of veterinary medicine?

9

II. Translate the following sentences into English:

Veterinary service

Veterinary Medicine is a branch of medical science that deals with the health and welfare of animals. Doctors of veterinary medicine diagnose and treat the diseases and injuries of household pets, livestock, laboratory animals, zoo animals, and wildlife. They promote public health by combating zoonotic diseases (animal diseases that can be transmitted to humans) and by inspecting livestock and food processing procedures to insure a safe food supply. Some veterinarians actively participate in wildlife preservation and conservation, while others conduct scientific research into the causes and prevention of disease.

Undoubtedly agriculture plays an important role in the development of our country providing the population with food. It

10