Иностранный язык (английский). Учебное пособие

Poultry farming is the most-industrialized type of animal production. Some of the breeding phases no longer take place in farms but in specialized plants; the farmer buys either …….. for broiler production or young layers for egg production. The typical modern broiler house holds from 10 to 100,000 birds, with automated ……... Two types of facilities can be used. The broilers can be put on …….. on a deep litter of wood shavings, on wire mesh above a pit, or on a combination of these two floors. Alternatively, the broilers can be housed in ……. , on three stories, each cage holding three to 10 animals. In this case, feeding and ……. are mechanized and the density is higher. The typical laying house holds several thousand hens. The same facilities as for broilers are used, but use of the cage is more common for layers. There are several types of cages, some of which are mechanized …….. feeding, cleaning, and egg collecting. Each cage can hold one to five hens. The density can reach about two hens per square foot (23 hens per square metre). The main types are cages in twoor three-story batteries (California cages), which are not superposed but rise in tiers; and flat-deck cages, which allow maximum mechanization. The buildings are generally one story, fully enclosed; they have insulated structures with sophisticated ventilation systems. Turkeys and other fowl are housed like poultry but generally on the ground.

III. Put the words into the correct form.

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four main parts, such as general physiology, special physiology, comparative physiology and age physiology. General physiology deals with the analysis of such universal and important processes as blood circulation, metabolism, respiration etc. Special physiology …… (to apply) general physiological principles in order to investigate characteristics of a particular animal species. Comparative physiology …… (to concentrate) on similarities and differences of physiological functions of various living organsms. The problems of how physiological functions change with animal age are of special interest to age physiology. The main approach in animal physiology is to study the evolutionary origins of the physiological mechanisms in order to understand the significance of these mechanisms for modern-day animals. Modern physiology which is based on chemical, physical and anatomical methods …… (to investigate) biological organisation of the animal body at different levels, that is, cells, tissues, organs.

One of the parts of special physiology …… (to devote) to farm animal physiology. The aim of this science is not only to study physiological functions of the farm animal body, but to control them in order to increase the production of eggs, offspring, milk, meat and wool. The problem of how to maintain good health of farm animals throughout a long lifetime of high production is of great importance to farm specialists as well.

Farm animal physiology is closely related to veterinary science as it is necessary to know physiological standards and the physiological reactions which take place in the body of the healthy animal in order to cure sick animals and prevent different animal diseases. The problems of sterility and nutritional disorders …… (to study) by physiologists as well as by veterinary surgeons. Animal requirements in nutrients and energy depend on their physiological features, so feeding rations …… (to calculate) on the basis of physiological data. The feeding systems for rearing young animals are being developed on physiological parameters as well. Physiological characteristics such as age and weight are considered by the scientists when animals are fed with vitamins, antibiotics, microelements or hormones.

Farmers should take into account some important physiological features of animals in different situations, for instance, when a farmer

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is going to use artificial insemination or train sport horses or dogs. Physiological parameters of farm animals are of special value to engineers who design different farm mechanisms, such as milking or feeding machines.

Other major branches of scientific study that have grown out of physiology research …… (to include) biochemistry, biophysics, biomechanics, pharmacology, cytology as well as genetics which …… (to know) as the biological bases for rational animal husbandry.

II. Answer the questions.

1.What does physiology study?

2.What problems are of special interest to animal physiologists?

3.What are the main principles of physiological study?

4.Why is farm animal physiology of great practical value?

5.How can the knowledge of physiological reactions help to maintain healthy farm animals?

6.What influences animal requirments in nutrients?

7.When do farm specialists take into account physiological characteristics of animals?

III. Find in the text the English equivalents of the Russian word-combinations.

Лечить больных животных, предотвращать различные

сельскохозяйственные механизмы; исследования по физиологии.

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IV. Match the words and expressions.

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UNIT 3.

THE ANATOMY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

The anatomy of domestic animals and sciences connected with it

Anatomy is the branch which deals with the form and structure of the principal domestic animals. To understand the structure of the organism in light of the connection between form and function, anatomy uses the data of physiology. Two chief methods of study are employed – systematic and topographic. In the former the body is regarded as consisting of systems of organs or apparatus which are similar in origin and structure and are associated in the performance of certain functions. The approach of systematic anatomy is to divide the organism artificially into parts using the analytical method. The divisions of systematic anatomy are:

Osteology (Osteologia), the description of the skeleton;

Arthrology (Arlhrologia), the description of the joints;

Myology (Myologia); the description of the muscles and accessory structures;

Splanchnology (Splanchnologia), the description of the viscera. It includes the following subdivisions:

Digestive system (Apparatus digestorius); Respiratory system (Apparatus respiratorius); Urogenital system (Apparatus urogenitalis):

a)urinary organs (Organa uropoetica),

b)genital organs (Organa genitalia);

Angiology, the description of the organs of circulation; Neurology, the description of the Nervous system;

Aesthesiology, the description of the sense organs and common integument.

Besides systematic anatomy there is topographic anatomy which studies the spatial relationships of the organs in the different body regions. The term topographic anatomy designates the methods by which the relative positions of the various parts of the body are accurately determined. It presupposes a fair knowledge of systematic anatomy. The consideration of anatomical facts in their relation to

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surgery, physical diagnosis, and other practical branches is termed applied anatomy.

As animal is a part of nature, anatomy, the science studding animal`s structure, is part of biology. Animal body is the complex of living matter. The structure of living matter comprises not only the form but the function, not only the morphological but the functional peculiarities of the organism. Anatomy that studies the normal healthy organism is called normal anatomy, as distinct from pathological or morbid anatomy, which is concerned with the study of the sick organism and the morbid changes in its organs. Anatomy is also related closely to histology, the science of tissues, particularly to the branch of histology known as microscopic anatomy. Histology and cytology, the science of the cell, are considered independent branches of science.

With the invention of the electron microscope, a new science, cytochemistry, was born at the junction of cytology and chemistry. As a result the structure of the animal organism is now studied at different levels: 1) at the level of systems and organs – macroscopic anatomy, micro-macroscopic anatomy, microscopic anatomy; 2) at the level of tissues – histology; 3) at the cellular level – cytology; 4) at the molecular level.

Thus, anatomy and histology are currently divided according to level and technique of examination. Anatomy, histology, cytology and embryology constitute the general science of the form, structure and development of the organism which is called morphology.

Vocabulary list

osteology – остеология skeleton – скелет arthrology – артрология joint – сустав

myology – миология

accessory structures – вспомогательные структуры splanchnology – учение о внутренностях

viscera pl. лат [′visərə] – внутренности (кишки) digestive – пищеварительный

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respiratory [ris′paiərətəri] – дыхательный urogenital – мочеполовой

urinary [juə′rinəri] – мочевой genital – половой

angiology – ангиология

circulation ["sə:kju′lei∫n] – циркуляция (крови) nervous [′nə:vəs] – нервный

aesthesiology – эстезиология sense organs – органы чувств

integument [in′tegjumənt] – кожа, наружный покров surgery – хирургия

applied [ə′plaid] – прикладной morbid – патологический tissue [′ti∫u:] – ткань

cell [sel] – клетка

cellular [′seljulə] – клеточный

I. Answer the following questions.

1.What is anatomy?

2.What does anatomy deal with?

3.What does anatomy use to understand the structure of the organism?

4.What sciences is anatomy connected with?

5.What are the chief methods of study?

6.How many parts does the systematic anatomy consist of?

7.What is physiology?

8.What is histology?

9.What is embryology?

10.What is osteology?

11.How is arthrology termed in Latin?

12.What is myology?

13.What is the Latin for splanchnology?

14.What subdivisions does splanchnology include?

15.What is the Latin term for urogenital system?

16.What organs does it include?

17.What is angiology?

18.What is neurology?

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19.What does aesthesiology describe?

20.What does topographic anatomy study?

21.What is applied anatomy?

22.What is normal anatomy?

23.What is pathological anatomy?

24.What is microscopic anatomy?

25.How many levels is the animal organism studied at? What are they?

26.What is morphology?

The anatomy of the bird

The main parts of the external anatomy of a typical bird are beak, head, iris, pupil, mantle, lesser coverts, scapula, coverts, rump, vent, thigh, tibiotarsal articulation, tarsus, feet, tibia, belly, flanks, breast, throat, and wattle.

Respiratory system. Air always flows from right (posterior) to left (anterior) through a bird's lungs during both inhalation and exhalation. Birds have circulatory lung system: cervical air sac, clavicular air sac, cranial thoracic air sac, caudal thoracic air sac, abdominal air sac, lung, and trachea. Birds ventilate their lungs by means of air sacs. These sacs store air and act like bellows, allowing the lungs to maintain a fixed volume with fresh air constantly flowing through them. Three distinct sets of organs perform respiration – the anterior air sacs, the lungs, and the posterior air sacs. Air passes through the lungs in both exhalation and inspiration, with the air sacs functioning as a reservoir for the next breath of air.

Circulatory system. Birds have a four-chambered heart. This adaptation allows for efficient nutrient and oxygen transport throughout the body, providing birds with energy to fly and maintain high levels of activity.

Digestive system. Alimentary canal of the bird exposed sharp teeth like structures in the bird's mouth called papillae help birds hold and move food around. Many birds possess a muscular pouch along the esophagus called a crop. The crop functions to both soften food and regulate its flow through the system by storing it temporarily. Birds possess a ventriculus, or gizzard, composed of four muscular

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