Иностранный язык (английский). Учебное пособие

I. Look through the passages below and match them to their headlines. Pay attention to the key words and word combinations which refer to the topic of each passage.

Officials

Veterinary positions in food hygiene

Researchers

Small animal veterinarians

Production animal veterinarians

Equine veterinarians

A.Production animal veterinarians and municipal veterinarians, both of whom conduct farm calls, are responsible for the cows, pigs and other production animals in their region. They are often also responsible for the small animals and horses in the region. Production animal veterinarians frequently complete all stages of their work entirely independently, from examinations to taking samples, as well as treatment and surgery procedures. In addition to patient work, the emphasis is on preventive health care, animal protection and environmental health care.

B.Equine veterinarians work at clinics and make stable calls. Common equine diseases include lameness and respiratory tract diseases, in addition to which horses often require urgent care due to colic and accidents. Equine vaccination and dental care are also part of the daily routine. Demanding surgeries and other procedures are conducted at clinics.

C.Veterinarians prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases and ensure the hygienic quality of food. Many work as inspection

21

veterinarians in slaughterhouses and meat processing plants. They are responsible for meat inspection, as well as animal protection and slaughterhouse hygiene.Specialists in food hygiene monitor dairies, as well as food commerce and distribution. Veterinarians safeguard the food chain from the field to the dining table.

D.Veterinarians work as experts in various governmental positions of law drafting, planning and control. In government ministries, veterinarians work with drafting and supervising legislation concerning animals and food. The EU has made their work increasingly international. Regional veterinarians are responsible for animal medical services and food control operations in their regions. Inspection veterinarians are government officials as well.

E.As researchers, veterinarians specialise in their personal objects of interest, such as food and environmental hygiene, microbiology, pathology, domestic animal welfare and various clinical areas. Research often results in a doctoral dissertation. Researchers working at the University also provide teaching in their specialisation on a regular basis. Many veterinarians also work as researchers in various governmental agencies and in the pharmaceutical industry.

F.Small animal veterinarians primarily treat pets. The wideranging work at small animal clinics includes surgery and other medical treatments, vaccinations and animal euthanasia. Small animal veterinarians can specialise in, for example, diseases of the eye or skin, dental care, heart disease or exotic animals. Serving and advising animal owners is another important part of the job.

22

UNIT 2.

ANIMAL FARMING

Animal farming

Agriculture provides people with food, feed and other useful products. All over the world farmers cultivate valuable plants and raise productive domesticated animals. There are two main branches in modern agriculture: crop production (or crop farming) and animal husbandry (or animal farming).

Nowadays, in many countries meat, milk and eggs are the main sources of food. Both breeders and farmers have already bred and are still breeding highly productive agricultural animals. Animal farming is a process in which a farmer breeds, raises and cares for livestock either for commerce or private use.

The word "livestock" refers to domesticated animals such as beef and dairy cattle, sheep, goats, swine (hogs), horses, donkeys and mules, buffalo, oxen, rabbits or "exotic" animals, for example, camels, emus, ostriches, or any animal which a farmer keeps and uses either for food or pleasure. Sometimes animal scientists include in this term also poultry, such as chickens, ducks, geese and turkeys, but they include neither honey bees nor fish within the term "livestock". However, poultry farming and beekeeping are important branches of agriculture as well as aquaculture.

There are over a hundred large land mammals in the world but man has domesticated only few types into livestock. There are two main requirements for domestication of mammals: 1) the availability of feed which a farmer can easily control and provide; 2) a rapid rate of reproduction. As cattle, sheep and horses are herbivorous mammals, farmers try to keep these domestic animals on pastures. However, farmers often grow either cereals or other agricultural crops as additional feed for their animals. Such ruminant animals as cattle, sheep and goats are important for people because they convert large quantities of grasses or other types of feeds, as well as non-protein nitrogen into meat, milk and wool. Poultry also convert feed efficiently into protein.

23

Historically, livestock and poultry have provided the following benefits to humanity: meat, eggs, dairy products, raw materials, fertiliser, labour, management of land.

1)Meat and eggs. In many countries livestock replaced wild game as the main source of animal protein because only livestock convert various food sources into human food. Poultry provide people with white meat as well as with eggs.

2)Dairy products. People process milk of cows, sheep and goats into a variety of valuable dairy products such as yoghurt, cheese, butter, ice cream, kefir, and koumiss.

3)Raw materials. Livestock produce useful raw materials, for example, horses and cows provide leather, poultry produce feather and down, sheep and goats provide wool for textile industry.

4)Fertiliser. Livestock leave behind manure which farmers spread on fields and this increases yields of crops many times. Historically, plant and animal farming have been closely linked. In modern agriculture neither cattle nor horses are the main source of mechanical energy. However, in some poor countries people are still using livestock as draft cattle.

5)Management of land. Sometimes farmers use the grazing of livestock as a way to control weeds. When a farmer is planning to rear livestock, he usually chooses the most suitable type for the local conditions. Both climate and type of land, as well as local traditions influence a farmer's choice.

Vocabulary list

livestock – домашний скот emus – эму

ostriches – южноамериканский страус

beekeeping – пчеловодство, пчеловодное хозяйство availability – наличие (доступность)

a rapid rate of reproduction – скорость воспроизводства

the following benefits to humanity – следующие выгоды для человечества

wild game – дикие животные

24

feather, down – перо, пух fertilizer – удобрение

manure – навоз, минеральное удобрение draft cattle – тягловый или рабочий скот management of land – возделывание

the grazing of livestock – содержание скота на подножном корму, содержание скота на пастбище

weeds – сорная трава, сорняк

a way to control weeds – способ борьбы с сорняками

I. Answer the following questions:

1.What two main branches of agriculture do you know?

2.Why is "animal husbandry" so important now? What does this term include?

3.What are the main requirements for domestication of animals?

4.Why are ruminant animals valuable for animal husbandry?

5.Why is poultry farming an important branch of agriculture?

6.What herbivorous animals do you know?

7.What benefits do livestock and poultry provide for man?

8.How does a farmer choose the type of livestock for his farm?

9.What branches of agriculture are important in Russia?

II. Read and complete the following text, using the phrases in the box.

Agriculture and animal husbandry

offspring, mammals, animal breeders, transplanted, genetic techniques

Agriculture and animal husbandry apply ………….. to improve plants and animals. Breeding analysis and transgenic modification using recombinant DNA techniques are routinely used. ………….. use artificial insemination to propagate the genes of prize bulls. Prize cows can transmit their genes to hundreds of ………….. by hormonetreatment, which stimulates the release of many eggs that are

25

collected, fertilized, and …………… to foster mothers. Several types of …………. can be cloned, meaning that multiple identical copies can be produced of certain desirable types.

III. Put the verbs into the correct form.

1.This cow (to recover) three days ago.

2.Pox (to be) an acute infectious disease.

3.The temperature of this patient (to be) very high yesterday.

4.The veterinary surgeon (to operate) my dog tomorrow.

5.Smallpox (to be) a very severe disease.

6.The veterinarian (to examine) my sick dog tomorrow.

7.My friend (to graduate from) the Veterinary Institute in two years.

8.This cow (to have) the symptoms of cowpox.

Animals as Useful Biomedical Models in Research

Although in modern times the practice of veterinary medicine has been separated from that of human medicine, the observations of the physician and the veterinarian continue to add to the medical knowledge. Veterinary medicine plays a great role in the health of man through the use of animals as biomedical models because animals may suffer from similar diseases as man and research on many genetic and chronic diseases of man cannot be carried out using humans. However, only a few species of more than 1,200,000 species of animals can be utilized in research, though practically for every known human disease, an identical or similar disease exists in at least one animal species.

Animal research has played an important role in every major medical advance of the last century for both human and animal health. Seven of the last ten Nobel Prizes for medicine have depended on animal research, for example, the development of penicillin (mice), organ transplant (dogs), and work on poliomyelitis that led to a vaccine (mice, monkeys). The most important uses of animals in science have included the use of the monkeys (rhesus macaque) for the identification of blood types; dogs (beagles) were subjected to cigarette smoke for research on hog cancer, and the use of dogs by

26

I.P. Pavlov to investigate behaviourism. His development of genetics has allowed increasing the research on genetically modified organisms and the cloning of Dolly the sheep has made her one of the best known experimental animals. Thus, animal studies are of great importance to the development of new surgical techniques, the testing of new cures, the prediction of to man reaction to drugs, and nutritional research. Animals are especially valuable in research on chronic degenerative diseases because (hey can easily be caused experimentally in them. Nowadays more and more people are suffering from chronic degenerative diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases, so experiments on animals may be of great value. It is obvious that new research discoveries that involve (lie study of animal diseases will result in other important contributions to human health.

Vocabulary list

degenerative disease – дегенеративное заболевание cardiovascular disease – сердечно-сосудистое заболевание biomedical model – медико-биологическая модель

genetic and chronic diseases – генетические и хронические заболевания

organ transplant – трансплантация органов poliomyelitis – полиомиелит

behaviourism – бихевиоризм, изучение поведения людей и животных.

chronic degenerative diseases – хронические дегенеративные заболевания

I. Analyse this text using the following phrases:

This text is about…

The author describes (analyzes)…

It is shown that…

Data are given about...

It is described in short…

Attention is drawn to ...

In conclusion I'd like to say that...

27

II. Read and complete the following text, using the phrases in the box.

the elevator, equipment dairy cows, exemplified, feedlots, disease risks, the former

Large stock farms

Two types of large stock farms, extensive and intensive, may be distinguished. The extensive type is ………. by the cattle ranchers of the United States. At the extreme, there are no buildings, only

……….. In Australia and New Zealand, ………. are kept without housing. The only building houses the milking parlour and the milk room, in the centre of the pasture. In the western United States, the most important beef ranches have several thousand head, entirely free on the range. The only building is ………. with the milling and mixing machinery. For the animals there are only troughs and fences. Among intensive stock farms are the big dairy units – with several hundred cows – in the United States, in western Europe (France, northern Italy), and in eastern Europe and .......... Soviet republics. There are three major layouts: parallel buildings; monobloc buildings (in Hungary, for example); and circular layout, with the milking parlour in the centre (United States, northern Italy). The covered

………. for fattening beef, in the U.S. Midwest and elsewhere, feed from several hundred to several thousand head of cattle and are generally built with a shelter for the animals and with tower or bunker silos. Large units for hog production frequently have many buildings, partly to reduce ………. and partly to separate the various animals – for example, the suckling sows, in-pig sows, fattening pigs, and boars. Some systems, however, use only one or two types of buildings. Large poultry units, specialized either for egg or for broiler production, use large identical buildings, the number depending on the unit size.

28

Domestication of Animals

Animals accompanied people always. Domestication of animals is more than taming. The habitat of the domestic animals is restricted, protection assured, food supply maintained and their breeding is done under human management and control. In general animals have been domesticated for the following three purposes: as a source of food, clothing, etc., as assistants used in various human activities, or as pets.

The origin of domestication dates from the ancient times. The dog is likely to be most widely distributed and variably used domesticated animal. It assists hunting, draws sledges in Northern regions of Russia and America, a hairless type is bred for producing food in Mexico and elsewhere, while the specialized purposes for which dogs have been used are too numerous to mention.

Cattle are the most important of the animals domesticated by man, and next to the dog the most ancient. Domesticated cattle belong to the family Bovine, which also includes the buffalo, the bison, yak, zebu and some others. Cattle were at first used and developed as draft animals and as suppliers of milk. Only later they have been raised to be eaten. The horse was perhaps domesticated in Central Asia, where Przhevalsky horse is still found wild today, and from there is spread rapidly all around the world.

In addition to the animals mentioned above there are some other animals that have been successfully domesticated by man. After sheep and goats there are camels, fowls, bees and others.

Great physical changes have taken place in animals domesticated. Now they differ considerably in color, form, size etc. from their related wild forms. Great experience has been gained in improving stocks by the scientists, using selection, crossbreeding and inbreeding.

Some possibilities for domestication may still exist. Perhaps fur-bearing animals, such as mink and foxes are now being domesticated in the same slow way as cattle and sheep were many thousand years ago.

29

Vocabulary list

domestic – домашний domestication – одомашнивание taming – приручение, укрощение source – источник

origin – происхождение distribute – распространять hunt – охотиться

sledges – сани

breed (bred) – разводить животных, breeding – разведение draft animals – вьючные животные

fur-bearing animals – пушные животные

I. Give English equivalents to the following words and word combinations.

1.Среда обитания домашних животных.

2.В качестве источника пищи, одежды.

3.Крупный рогатый скот является наиболее важным среди животных, прирученных человеком.

4.Помимо животных, упомянутых выше.

5.Есть некоторые другие животные, которые были успешно одомашнены человеком.

6.Произошли серьезные внешние изменения.

7.Норки и лисы сейчас находятся в процессе одомашнивания.

II. Read and complete the following text, using the phrases in the box.

Poultry farming

feeding, the ground, cleaning, metal cages, to facilitate, chicks

30