Иностранный язык (английский). Учебное пособие

THE COMPLEX OBJECT AND COMPLEX SUBJECT

The Complex Object — a syntactic construction which is lexically dependent and found after a limited number of verbs in the Active Voice. The complex object consists of a noun in the common case or an indefinite pronoun or a personal pronoun in the objective case serving as an object in the sentence, and a predicative which may be expressed by a noun, an adjective, an adverb, an infinitive with or without the particle to, an ing-form and a participle.

Subject+Predicate+Complex Object (Noun/Pronoun+Infinitive)

The Complex Subject — the combination of a noun in the common case (or a pronoun in the nominative case) and an infinitive forms. The predicate which is usually expressed by a verb in the passive voice is placed between the noun and the infinitive. The relation between the noun and the infinitive is that of subject and predicate.

Noun/Pronoun+Predicate+Infinitive

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THE PARTICIPLE

The Participle - a word having the characteristics of both verb and adjective. It is an English verbal form that has the function of an adjective and at the same time shows such verbal features as tense and voice.

THE GERUND

The gerund is a non-finite form of the verb. Gerunds are formed from verbs by adding -ing. The gerund looks exactly the same as a present participle, but it is useful to understand the difference between them. The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb).

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LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

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SUPPLEMENTARY READING

(ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ)

Veterinary medicine

A veterinary surgeon's training must include the study of the basic preclinical disciplines of anatomy, histology, physiology, pharmacology, microbiology as well as bacteriology, virology, parasitology, and pathology. The clinical subjects of study may be divided into internal medicine, preventive medicine, surgery and clinical practice.

Internal medicine includes the diagnosis and treatment of diseases as they affect animals. Preventive medicine should consider the aspects of disease prevention and control, especially such diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans or diseases that may influence human health. Generally, several preventive techniques are available for the use in the prevention of disease in an animal population such as quarantine, immunisation, environmental control, various methods of disease control and eradication, early diagnosis of a disease. It has been proved that animal diseases may be prevented to a great extent by ensuring proper hygienic and sanitary conditions on a farm, which include the maintenance of safe water supplies, air sanitation, pest control, the improvement of animal housing etc. Surgery includes wound treatment, fracture repair, the excision of body parts, and the use of such techniques as radiology, anesthesiology, obstetrics, treatment of lameness etc. In most veterinary schools, clinical practice enables students, especially future veterinary surgeons, to observe and assist with actual cases of disease or other conditions which require attention. In both medical and surgical treatment, the same techniques are to be used as in medical practice on humans.

In most countries of the world, professional veterinary surgeons must complete a special educational programme. According to this programme students are to study for four or six years at the university and only after such a course of study the degree of doctor of veterinary medicine is to be awarded. Moreover, in many countries veterinary surgeons must obtain a licence to start their practice from some duly constituted authority. Veterinary surgeons may specialize either in the care of small animals such as pets and work in banian hospitals,

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while others may treat mainly livestock. A few veterinary surgeons may be employed by zoos or circuses to examine and take care of wild animals.

There exist different international organisations such as the World Veterinary Association (WVA), the World Veterinary Association for Small Domestic Animals (WSAVA), the European Veterinary Association for Small Domestic Animals (FECAVA), as well as national organisations, for example, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), The Russian Association of General Veterinary Practitioners and the British Small Animal Veterinary Association (BSAVA) etc. Their purpose is to advance Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medical Profession, to hold conferences or seminars on veterinary problems.

Selective breeding

Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans breed other animals and plants for particular traits. Typically, strains that are selectively bred are domesticated, and the breeding is normally done by a professional breeder. Bred animals are known as breeds, while bred plants are known as varieties, cultigens, or cultivars. The cross of animals results in what is called a crossbreed, and crossbred plants are called hybrids.

There are two approaches or types of artificial selection, or selective breeding. First is the traditional «breeder’s approach» in which the breeder or experimenter applies “a known amount of selection to a single phenotypic trait” by examining the chosen trait and choosing to breed only those that exhibit higher or «extreme values» of that trait. The second is called «controlled natural selection», which is essentially natural selection in a controlled environment. In this, the breeder does not choose which individuals being tested «survive or reproduce», as he or she could in the traditional approach. There are also «selection experiments», which is a third approach and these are conducted in order to determine the «strength of natural selection in the wild». However, this is more often an observational approach as opposed to an experimental approach. In animal breeding, techniques such as inbreeding, line breeding, and

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outcrossing are utilized. In plant breeding, similar methods are used. Charles Darwin discussed how selective breeding had been successful in producing change over time in his book, On the Origin of Species. The first chapter of the book discusses selective breeding and domestication of such animals as pigeons, cats, cattle, and dogs. Selective breeding was used by Darwin as a springboard to introduce the theory of natural selection, and to support it.

The deliberate exploitation of selective breeding to produce desired results has become very common in agriculture and experimental biology. Selective breeding can be unintentional, e.g., resulting from the process of human cultivation; and it may also produce unintended – desirable or undesirable – results. For example, in some grains, an increase in seed size may have resulted from certain ploughing practices rather than from the intentional selection of larger seeds. Most likely, there has been interdependence between natural and artificial factors that have resulted in plant domestication.

Animal breeding

Animals with homogeneous appearance, behavior, and other characteristics are known as particular breeds, and they are bred through culling particular traits and selecting for others. Purebred animals have a single, recognizable breed, and purebreds with recorded lineage are called pedigreed. Crossbreeds are a mix of two purebreds, whereas mixed breeds are a mix of several breeds, often unknown. Animal breeding begins with breeding stock, a group of animals used for the purpose of planned breeding. When individuals are looking to breed animals, they look for certain valuable traits in purebred stock for a certain purpose, or may intend to use some type of crossbreeding to produce a new type of stock with different, and, it is presumed, superior abilities in a given area of endeavor. For example, to breed chickens, a typical breeder intends to receive eggs, meat, and new, young birds for further reproduction. Thus, the breeder has to study different breeds and types of chickens and analyze what can be expected from a certain set of characteristics before he or she starts breeding them. Therefore, when purchasing initial breeding

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