Времена английского глагола в сравнении = English Tenses Compared. Пособие

Л. П. Христорождественская

ВРЕМЕНА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ГЛАГОЛА В СРАВНЕНИИ

ENGLISH TENSES COMPARED

Пособие

Минск

«Тетралитª

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УДК 811.111’366.58(075.3/.9) ББК 81.2Англ-9

Х93

Серия основана в 2012 году

А в т о р кандидат педагогических наук, доцент

Л. П. Христорождественская

Р е ц е н з е н т кандидат филологических наук, доцент, зав. кафедрой

профессионально ориентированной английской речи Белорусского государственного экономического университета

Н. А. Новик

Христорождественская, Л. П.

Х93 Времена английского глагола в сравнении = English Tenses Compared : пособие / Л. П. Христорождественская. – Минск : Тетралит, 2014. – 304 с. – (Modern English).

ISBN 978-985-7067-79-4.

Пособие систематизирует употребление видовременных форм английского глагола и содержит теоретические сведения, данные в сопоставительном плане, и упражнения, обеспечивающие дифференциацию времен и подлинное овладение этой сложной и важной для развития речевых навыков темой.

Предназначено для учащихся лицеев и гимназий, студентов и аспирантов гуманитарных вузов, слушателей курсов иностранных языков. Будет полезно всем желающим углубить свои знания английского языка и научиться правильно употреблять видовременные формы в речи.

УДК 811.111’366.58(075.3/.9) ББК 81.2Англ-9

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Предисловие

Предлагаемое вашему вниманию издание представляет собой пособие, в котором в сопоставительном плане систематизировано употребление видовременных форм английского глагола. Значительное место в пособии уделено работе над косвенной речью.

Данное пособие предназначено для тех, кто желает повторить, закрепить и расширить полученные в школе знания и ставит своей целью овладение английским языком как средством общения.

Видовременные формы глагола занимают наиболее значимое место в системе английского языка и в значительной степени определяют уровень владения языком. Однако усвоение разветвленной системы английских времен представляет для учащихся большие трудности, вызванные, прежде всего, необходимостью тонкой дифференциации значений видовременных форм и, как следствие этого, сложностью овладения этим грамматическим явлением. Поэтому в настоящей работе при объяснении и на всех уровнях активизации языкового материала акцент сделан на сопоставлении времен.

Пособие имеет ярко выраженную коммуникативную направленность, оно выполнено с использованием новейшего аутентичного материала, что позволяет развивать коммуникативные навыки обучаемых в ситуативной речи и активизировать их коммуни- кативно-продуктивную деятельность.

Книга будет полезна студентам-филологам, учащимся лицеев и гимназий, слушателям различных подготовительных курсов, преподавателям английского языка.

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UNIT 1. TENSES

Present and Past Tenses

Present Continuous and Present Simple

Present Continuous

FORM

The Present Continuous is the present tense of be + an -ing form.

USE

The Present Continuous is used to:

—talk about something which is in progress at the moment of speaking.

‘What are you doing at the moment?’ ‘I’m writing a letter.’ Look, there’s Sally. Who is she talking to?

‘Where is Margaret?’ ‘She’s having a bath.’ Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining any more.

(at a party) Hello, Ann. Are you enjoying the party?

—talk about something which is in progress around the present, but not necessarily at the moment of speaking.

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She’s looking for a job at the moment. Please don’t take that book. Ann is reading it.

Andrew is spending a lot of time in the library these days, as he’s writing an article.

Have you heard about Tom? He’s building his own house.

—talk about something which is in progress for a limited period around the present (temporary state, current situations).

Robert is on holiday this week. He’s staying with his sister in Bournemouth.

‘You’re working hard today.’ ‘Yes, I have a lot to do.’ They are living in Hong Kong for the time being.

I can’t phone Peter. The phone isn’t working.

Dick is a student, but he’s working as a barman during the holidays.

—talk about situations which are changing or developing around the present.

Your children are growing up very quickly. The population of the world is rising very fast.

—talk about planned future arrangements.

I’m having lunch with Helen tomorrow.

We’re leaving at ten o’clock on Friday.

I’m meeting Janet later this evening.

—express a habit, to talk about something that happens more often than is normal (repeated actions with adverbs like always, forever, constantly and continually). It can express a pleasant habit.

I like Peter. He’s always smiling.

He’s always giving people things.

However, there’s usually an element of criticism.

She’s always grumbling. (I find it annoying.)

You’re forever losing things. (You lose things too often.) He’s constantly complaining about something.

The secretary is always phoning her friends during office hours. (She phones her friends too often.)

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It is also possible to say:

The secretary always phones her friends during office hours.

This is a more neutral comment and not necessarily a criticism. We put always, forever, constantly and continually before the main verb.

Jenny is constantly (always, forever, continually) arguing with her father.

—give a commentary on a performance or activity. She’s taking off her tracksuit and ...

Comment on the uses of the Present Continuous.

1. Don’t rush me. I’m working as fast as I can. 2. I’m always paying for your coffee. Why can’t you pay for a change? 3. You’re spending a lot of money these days. 4. We’re spending next winter in Australia. 5. What is Maria doing these days? – She is studying English at a school in London. 6. The police are looking into the matter now. 7. She is still waiting to see the boss. 8. Are you seeing Nigel tomorrow? 9. You’re constantly panicking, aren’t you? Calm down. 10. Prices are rising all the time. Everything is getting more and more expensive. 11. Ben and Patty are in London on holiday. They are staying at a small hotel near Hyde Park. 12. She is always helping people. 13. Tom isn’t playing football this season. He wants to concentrate on his studies. 14. Computers are becoming more and more important in our lives. 15. I’m sleeping on Niko’s sofa until I find a place of my own. 16. I’m only working there for a couple of months because I’m going abroad in the summer.

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Present Simple

FORM

Table 2

In the affirmative the Present Simple has the same form as the infinitive but adds -s or -es (after o, s, ss, ch, tch, x) for the third person singular.

I read — he reads; you buy – she buys; we finish — it finishes; I cry — she cries

In interrogative and negative sentences the Present Simple tense takes the auxiliary do or does (for the 3rd person singular) with the exception of the verb to be which does not need an auxiliary.

We don’t live far away.

Sheila doesn’t eat meat.

Do they do the work themselves?

Does he have dinner at the canteen?

What does he want? — Money.

Where are Paul and Rosa?

She is not sad. She is happy.

USE

The Present Simple is used to:

— talk about repeated actions or habits (habitual actions).

I have a shower every morning.

Are you never late for classes?

Ann doesn’t often drink coffee.

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–talk about situations which are permanent (continuing for a long time).

Mr and Mrs Shaw live in Bristol. (That is their permanent home.) Harry works in a shop.

— talk about general truths.

Summer follows spring.

The river Amazon flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

— give instructions.

You turn left at the corner.

First you weigh the ingredients.

—tell a joke or a story, to describe the dramatic action of a play (dramatic use).

The Englishman goes to the Irishman and says...

— talk about fixed future events (timetables, calendar).

Our plane leaves at nine.

The course ends in two weeks.

What time does the film start?

— make suggestions.

Why don’t they go on a day-trip?

Why don’t you join us?

— make commentaries.

Federer serves (подаёт мяч) to Djokovic.

— make observations and declarations.

I hope so. I love you.

It says here that...

—talk about future actions in subordinate clauses of time and condition aftertheconjunctionswhen,after,before,assoonas,until,if,incase,etc.

You won’t get slim if you eat so many sweets.

When he comes, ask him to wait.

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The Present Simple is also used with certain verbs not normally used in the continuous forms. These verbs are called stative. They refer to states rather than actions.

These are the groups of verbs:

1.verbs of mental activity: believe, think, consider, understand, suppose, expect, agree, know, remember, forget, doubt, mean, mind, etc.

What do you think of that book?

I believe you are the man I’m looking for. She knows now what she has done wrong. Paul doesn’t mind if you use his car.

He feels that he is right. = He is of the opinion that he is right.

2.verbs of emotion and feeling: like, dislike, hate, love, want, wish, prefer, care, etc.

I like playing football.

I hate getting up early in the morning.

3.verbs of sense perception: see, smell, taste, hear, etc.

I hear the sound of gun-fire. The cake smells good.

The wine tastes sweet.

4.verbs of possession: have, possess, belong to, own, etc.

I have two sisters.

He owns a Rolls Royce. The book belongs to me.

She doesn’t possess a thing in the world.

5.certain other verbs: be, concern, depend on, fit, include, need, owe, seem, require, matter and others.

I need a bath.

That doesn’t concern me.

A newspaper costs about 30 p.

Some of these verbs can be used in the continuous tenses when the verb expresses an activity, not a state. However the meaning changes slightly.

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