Времена английского глагола в сравнении = English Tenses Compared. Пособие
.pdfLaura: Hello. You’re Keith, aren’t you? Keith: Yes, I am. Who are you?
Laura: I’m Laura Scott. I’m a photographer. Keith: From England?
Laura: Yes. How long have you been here, Keith?
Keith: Since 30th January. But what’s the date today? You see my watch has stopped.
Laura: 29th June.
Keith: 29th June! That means I’ve been here for six months. Laura: Is there anything you miss, Keith?
Keith: Oh, yes! I haven’t spoken to anyone for six months and I haven’t had a cup of tea since the end of February.
Laura: But you like the island, don’t you?
Keith: No, I don’t! I hate it! I’ve hated the place ever since I arrived. Take me back to civilization!
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Holidays (1) |
A: |
Have you ever been to Britain on holiday? |
B: |
Oh, yes, I’ve often been to Britain. |
A: |
Where have you been? |
B: |
Well, last year we went to the Lake District, but we’ve also been |
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to Scotland and Ireland. We always go in summer because the |
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weather is better. |
A:Yes, but there are more tourists.
B:Yes, that’s right. But it’s the same in every country.
Holidays (2)
A:Where are you going on holiday this year?
B:I don’t know yet. I’m thinking about Spain.
A: |
I’m going to Spain. |
B: |
Are you? When? |
A: |
In August. Let’s go together. Spain’s lovely, you’ll like it. |
B: |
Oh, that’s a nice idea. I’ve already been to Spain. I love the food, |
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and the beaches are superb! |
A: |
Have you ever been to Cresta? |
B: |
No, I’ve heard about it, but I haven’t been there yet. Actually, I |
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wanted to go there last year, but I couldn’t. I was ill. |
A:Oh, that’s a shame. But let’s go this year, we can visit Barcelona, too.
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B:Oh yes! I’ve already been to Barcelona but I’d love to go again. It’s very hot and crowded, of course, but there are a lot of lovely shops and we can ...
•Paul, Caroline, Jo and Bob are talking about some of the holidays they’ve had. Put the verbs in the Past Simple, Past Continuous or Present Perfect tenses.
Paul: Do you remember when we (go) to Morocco, Caroline? Caroline: Unfortunately, yes. You (lose) your passport, just after we ar-
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rived. |
Paul: |
That’s right. We (sail) near the coast, and I was looking at the |
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fish, and it (just / drop) into the sea! (you / two / visit) North |
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Africa? |
Jo: |
No. We (be) to Ghana, though. We (fly) there in 2001, didn’t |
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we, Bob? |
Bob: |
Sorry, Jo. I (not / listen). I (have) such a busy day today! Actu- |
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ally, I (fall) asleep on the sofa when Paul (ring) and invited us |
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around. |
Jo: |
So you need a holiday, don’t you? |
Caroline: Paul and I (go) to this really great country hotel, The Wood-
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land Spa, about a month ago. We (read) the Sunday newspa- |
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pers, and we (see) this advertisement. Paul (not / stop) talking |
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about it since we got back! |
Paul: |
It was fantastic! |
Bob: |
(it / have) a Jacuzzi in the bathroom? |
Jo: |
(be / there) a bowl of fruit in your bedroom? |
Caroline: All of that. And you (never / see) such a beautiful swimming
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pool in your life! |
Jo: |
It sounds lovely. Better than that hotel Bob and I (stay) in last |
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year in Devon. |
Bob: |
Oh dear. It (be) terrible. One night we (talk) in our room, and |
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the owner knocked on the door at ten o’clock in the evening |
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and told us to go to sleep! |
Jo: |
I (not / enjoy) a holiday in the UK for years, I’m afraid. |
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What Have You Been Doing? (1)
I = Interviewer J = Jane
I:Now what sort of things have you been doing over the last week?
J:Well, I’ve been to – er – a couple of parties with friends. And I’ve been to the theatre once – and I went to see Dracula which is on at the West End of London. I’ve been shopping a few times.
I:What have you bought?
J:Oh, very basic things — food. I bought a lot of food the other day to stock up for a week and just things I need for college. I’ve been out with friends quite a lot. I’ve been out for a drink in several pubs. I went to visit a South American friend on Saturday and I’m helping him with his English. He’s learning English and he’s also teaching me Spanish which is quite good.
What Have You Been Doing (2)
I = Interviewer С = Christine
I:And Christine, what about you? What have you been doing this summer?
C:Working, mostly.
I:You mean you’ve been studying?
C:Oh no, I’ve been doing a job to earn money.
I: |
And have you made your fortune yet? |
C: |
Hardly! But I haven’t done too badly. I’ve been getting about |
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£70 a week, plus my meals and my accommodation, so I’ve |
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earned over £900 and I’ve managed to save most of it. |
I:That sounds pretty good. What kind of work have you been do-
ing exactly?
C:I’ve been working in a hotel.
I:What, as a waitress?
С: |
No, I’ve been helping in the kitchen most of the time — washing |
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and peeling potatoes, preparing breakfast trays, washing up — |
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that sort of thing. |
I:And have you been enjoying it? Or has it been rather boring?
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C.No, it hasn’t been too bad. I’ve found it quite interesting here, in fact. Not so much the work itself, but the people I’ve got to know and the friends I’ve made, and I’ve managed to do lots of things in my spare time too. It’s a seaside town, so there’s been quite a lot going on in the evenings — you know, dancing, bowling, cinemas and so on — and on my afternoons off I’ve been
doing quite a lot of sunbathing and swimming.
I:Yes, I can see you’ve got quite brown. You’ve obviously been having some reasonable weather here.
•Interview your partner on his/her recent activities.
On the Banks of the Amazon
A television team working on a programme about the Amazon have just discovered a young Oxford undergraduate living with a primitive tribe of Indians. They interviewed him for their programme.
Interviewer: |
Of course we were very surprised to discover a white |
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man living here. What exactly are you doing? |
Young man: |
I’ve been living in this village for about six months. I’m |
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studying the lives and customs of these people, and I’m |
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going to write a book about it. |
Interviewer: |
And have you learnt a lot? |
Young man: |
Oh, yes. I’ve been sharing the daily lives of the inhabit- |
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ants. I’ve been on their hunting expeditions. I’ve taken |
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part in their rituals and festivals. I’ve learnt to under- |
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stand their language. I feel they have really begun to |
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trust me. |
Interviewer: |
And how long do you plan to stay? |
Young man: |
Well, that depends on various factors. I’ve been here |
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since last September. I plan to stay until next August at |
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least, but possibly a bit longer. |
• Put the verb in brackets into the correct form, Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.
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Arthur: I (search) for a house for a week now but so far I (not / find) anything suitable.
Sandra: Why (you / want) to move?
Arthur: Well, the people living next to me (be) the main problem. They (always / argue), especially at night.
Sandra: Oh dear! (you / complain) to them?
Arthur: Yes, but they (not / stop). They (keep on) making noise. I (not / be able) to sleep well lately, and I (feel) sleepy all week.
Sandra: How awful!
Three of Them Are Missing
Harry: Nora, you look a bit tired — what have you been doing all day? Nora: I’ve been cleaning the whole house. I said I was going to. Harry: But I wanted you to wait until the weekend so that I could
help.
Nora: Oh well, I thought I might as well get on with it. It was about time: the furniture has been looking shabby for months, so this morning I took all the covers off the armchairs and washed them. That bit of sun early this afternoon helped to dry them.
Harry: Well, I hope you had a rest this afternoon.
Nora: No, since lunchtime I’ve been turning out the rooms upstairs. I haven’t quite finished them yet. I’ve done our room and Robert’s.
Harry: My goodness, you have been working hard!
Nora: You know, Harry, you do make it hard for me to keep the place looking nice when you leave your things about everywhere. For years I’ve been asking you not to keep your books in the kitchen and not to leave gardening tools inside the house.
Harry: And for years I’ve been telling you that you are perfectly free to throw out anything that I leave about if it gets in your way.
Nora: Harry, could you turn out your workroom? I’ ve been meaning to ask you for days.
Harry: Yes, I will... Hullo, who has been playing with my pipes? Three of them are missing.
Nora: Yes, I gave three dirty old pipes to an old man at the door. You haven’t been smoking them lately.
Harry: But Nora, you’ve thrown out my three oldest and best pipes!
•Learn the conversation by heart and in pairs, act it out in class.
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• Put the verbs into the correct form, Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.
Tom: (you / see) the state of this kitchen? Someone (wash) clothes in the sink and they’re still there!
Fred: Yes, I (usually / use) the bath, but it (be) too dirty at the moment.
Tom: Why (you / not / clean) it? You (live) here for two months now, and I (never / see) you do any housework.
Fred: What (you / mean)? I (wash) the dishes at least three times and I (always / make) my bed.
Tom: Rubbish! You (always / make) a mess and (not / clean up) afterwards.
Fred: What about you? You (always / drink) my milk! Tom: Don’t be ridiculous! Where (you / go)?
Fred: Out! I (see) my girlfriend this evening. Tom: What about the kitchen?
Fred: Bye!
Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect
FORM
The Past Perfect is had + Past Participle.
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Table 7 |
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Affirmative |
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Negative |
Interrogative |
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I |
arrived |
I |
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arrived |
I |
arrived ...? |
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He |
examined |
He |
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examined |
he |
examined ...? |
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She |
passed |
She |
had not |
passed |
she |
passed ...? |
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It |
had done |
It |
done |
Had it |
done ...? |
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(hadn’t) |
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We |
gone |
We |
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gone |
we |
gone ...? |
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You |
written |
You |
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written |
you |
written ...? |
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They |
cost |
They |
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cost |
they |
cost ...? |
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USE
a. When we are talking about the past, we sometimes want to refer back to an earlier past.
When I telephoned Sue, she had gone out.
We use the Past Perfect (eg she had gone out) to talk about something which had happened before the past time we are thinking about (eg when I telephoned).
Some more examples:
When we got home last night we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
Karen didn’t want to go to the cinema because she’d already seen the film.
At first I thought I’d done the right thing, but I soon realised that I’d made a mistake.
The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn’t flown before.
or He had never flown before.
By 1960 most of Britain’s colonies had become independent. By the time the taxi arrived, she had packed her suitcase.
As well as actions, we can use the Past Perfect to talk about states.
I felt better by the summer, but the doctor warned me not to do too much. I’d been very ill.
The news came as no surprise to me. I’d known for some time that the factory was likely to close.
Note the use of the Past Perfect with the adverbs hardly (scarcely)...
when, no sooner … than (“не успел … как”, “едва … как”).
Hardly had we put up a tent when it started to rain. (or We had hardly put up a tent when it started to rain.)
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b. The Past Perfect is the past form of the Present Perfect. Compare:
Present Perfect
My wallet isn’t here. I’ve left it behind.
The match is over. The United have won.
The man looks familiar. I’ve seen him somewhere before. We’ve just had breakfast.
Past Perfect
My wallet wasn’t there. I’d left it behind.
The match was over. The United had won.
The man looked familiar. I’d seen him somewhere before. She said they had just had breakfast.
c. Compare the uses of the Past Perfect and Past Simple:
We got to the station at 8.00, but the train had left at 7.30. When Sue arrived we had had dinner. (We had dinner, then Sue arrived.)
We got to the station at 7.20 and the train left at 7.30. When Sue arrived, we had dinner. (Sue arrived, then we had dinner.)
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Past Perfect Continuous
FORM
The Past Perfect Continuous tense is had been + an -ing form.
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Table 8 |
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Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
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I |
I |
I |
He |
He |
he |
She |
She |
she |
had(’d) been |
had not (hadn’t) |
been |
It |
It |
Had it |
working |
been working |
working? |
We |
We |
we |
You |
You |
you |
They |
They |
they |
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USE
a. When we are talking about the past, we sometimes want to refer back to an earlier past.
Dave had been driving for an hour when his car broke down.
We use the Past Perfect Continuous (eg Dave had been driving for an hour) to talk about something which had been in progress up to the past time we are talking about (eg when his car broke down).
More examples:
I found the calculator. I’d been looking for it for ages. Vicky looked very upset. I thought she’d been crying. I had been feeling sleepy all day so I went to bed early.
b. The Past Perfect Continuous is the past form of the Present Perfect Continuous. Compare:
Present Perfect Continuous |
Past Perfect Continuous |
I’ve been working hard all day, so I’m very tired now.
I’d been working hard all day, so I was very tired last night.
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c. Compare the uses of the Past Perfect Continuous and the Past Continuous.
When I looked out of the window, it had been raining. (= It wasn’t raining when I looked out; it had stopped.)
When I looked out of the window, it was raining. (= Rain was falling at the time I looked out.)
PRACTICE
1.Match the sentences with the correct tense description.
1.It was raining and the wind a. past equivalent of the Present
was blowing.
2.He was exhausted because he had been walking all day.
3.There was no juice left because Jack had drunk it all.
4.She had finished by
8 o’clock.
5.The storm broke out after we had been driving for four hours.
6.He got into the plane, started the engine and flew off into the clouds.
7.The party had already started by the time I arrived.
8.Elvis Presley died in 1977.
9.I was cycling to work when I fell off the bike.
10.My grandfather met Winston Churchill.
11.I was sleeping at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
12.She had been trying to find a job in Hollywood for years.
Perfect
b.action in the middle of happening at a stated past time
с.past actions which happened one after the other
d.action which is not connected with the present and happened at a definite past time not mentioned
e.background description to events in a story
f.action continuing over a period up to a specific time in the past
g.past equivalent of the Present Perfect Continuous
h.past action which occurred before another action
i.past action in progress interrupted by another
j.past action which occurred before a stated time in the past
k.event which happened at a stated past time
l.past action of certain duration which had visible results in the past
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