Новая Зеландия. Государственное устройство, судебная и правовая системы
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Список литературы
26.Brown P. G. An investigation of official ethnic statistics (Occasional Paper No. 5). Wellington: Department of Statistics, 1983.
27.Department of Statistics (1988). New Zealand Census of Population and Dwelling: Birthplace and ethnic origin (Series C, Report 6). Wellington: Author.
28.Fisher R. Conflict and collaboration in Maori-Pakeha relationships (Occasional paper No.20). Hamilton: University of Waikato, Centre for Maori Studies and Research, 1984.
29.Greenland H. Ethnicity as ideology: The critique of Pakeha society. In P, 1984.
30.Hazlehurst K. M. Racial conflict and resolution in New Zealand: The Haka party incident and it's aftermath 1979—1980. Canberra: Australian National University, 1988.
31.Joseph P.A. Constitutional and Administrative Law in New Zealand. Sydney, 1993.
32.Mulholland R.D. Introduction to the New Zealand Legal System. 8th ed. Wellington, 1995.
33.O'Keefe J.A.B. Introduction to New Zealand Law. 4th ed. Wellington, 1980.
34.Spoonley C. MacPherson D. Pearson & C. Sedgwick (Eds.). Tauiwi: Racism and ethnicity in New Zealand. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press.
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Приложения
Приложение 1
Краткая географическая характеристика государства Новая Зеландия
Новая Зеландия — островное государство в юго-западной части Тихого океана, расположенное на двух крупных островах (Северный остров и Южный остров, разделенные проливом Кука) и большом количестве (приблизительно шестидесяти одном, в зависимости от техники подсчета) прилегающих более мелких островов (наиболее крупные из которых: Стьюарт, Грейт-Барриер, Д’Юрвиль, Окленд, Кермадек, острова Антиподов, Баунти, Кэмпбелл, архипелаг Чатем).
Королевство Новая Зеландия (Realm of New Zealand) включает в себя помимо собственных территорий также независимые в государственном управлении, но свободно ассоциированные с Новой Зеландией островные государства Острова Кука, Ниуэ и Токелау и территорию шельфового ледника Росса в Антарктиде. Однако Королевство Новая Зеландия официально не является государством и не имеет международного признания.
Обширные территории в стране отведены под национальные парки. Северный остров имеет в основном холмистый рельеф, при этом большая часть земли отдана под сельское хозяйство. Практически через весь Южный остров проходит горная цепь Южных Альп с высотой более 3000 м. Любая точка в Новой Зеландии находится не более чем в 130 км от берега моря1.
Общая площадь страны — 268 680 км2, в том числе 265846 км2 площади трех крупнейших островов: Южного — 56,6 %, Северного
— 42,8 % и острова Стюарт — 0,6 %. Длина береговой линии Новой Зеландии — 15 134 километра. Столица Новой Зеландии — Веллингтон, а самый крупный город и ее основной порт — Окленд.
1 Данные Статистической службы Новой Зеландии на 30 июня
2011 года. Statistics New Zealand. Information Centre. URL: http://www.stats. govt. nz/~/media/Statistics/Publications/ Product% 20 Development%20and% 20Publishing/nzip-11/nz-in-profile-2011-russian. pdf
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Приложения
Южный остров — крупнейший остров, входящий в состав Новой Зеландии. На нем проживает примерно одна четвертая часть населения страны. Вдоль острова с севера на юг тянется хребет складчатых гор Южные Альпы, самым высоким пиком которых является гора Кука, или Аораки, высотой 3754 метра. Кроме нее на Южном острове есть еще 18 пиков высотой, превышающей 3 тыс. метров. Восточная часть острова более равнинная и практически полностью занята сельскохозяйственными фермами. Западное побережье заселенно менее плотно, чем восточное. Здесь сохранились огромные массивы практически нетронутой природы с девственным растительным и животным миром. Западная часть знаменита также многочисленными национальными парками, фьордами и ледниками, сползающими со склонов Южных Альп прямо в Тасманово море.
Северный остров значительно менее гористый, чем Южный. Самая высокая точка Северного острова — активный вулкан Руапеху, высотой 2797 метров. Северный остров отличается высокой вулканической активностью, из шести вулканических зон в стране пять расположены на нем. В самом центре Северного острова находится озеро Таупо, самое большое в Новой Зеландии. Из него берет свое начало самая длинная река Вайкато (425 км).
Четверть общей площади Новой Зеландии занимают национальные парки, заповедники и природные территории, находящиеся под защитой, что составляет почти 6,5 млн гектаров. Именно на этих территориях находятся древние леса, подобных которым уже не сохранилось нигде на планете. Более 70 % растений Новой Зеландии произрастают только на ее территории, нелетающая птица киви и знаменитая рептилия гаттерия обитают только в заповедниках Новой Зеландии.
В 2005 г. в Новой Зеландии впервые в мире был введен углеродный налог, причем к 2020 г. страна планирует добиться нейтрального баланса выброса углерода в атмосферу и признания за собой звания самой чистой страны в мире. Особенностью государственной политики Новой Зеландии является ставка на сохранение экологической чистоты и природы в ее первозданном виде.
Столица Новой Зеландии — Веллингтон, а самый крупный город, и основной порт Новой Зеландии — Окленд. Новая Зеландия является парламентской демократией и членом Британского содружества наций.
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Приложения
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Приложение 2 |
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Декларация независимости Новой Зеландии, 1835 год |
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А Declaration of The Inde- |
HE WAKAPUTANGA O |
TE |
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pendence of New Zealand |
RANGATIRATANGA |
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NU |
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TIRENI |
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1.We, the hereditary chiefs |
1. Ko matou, ko nga Tino |
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and heads of the tribes of the |
Ranatira o nga iwi o Nu Tireni i raro |
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Northern parts of New Zealand, |
mai o Hauraki kua oti nei te huihui i |
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being assembled at Waitangi, in |
Waitangi i Tokerau i te ra 28 o |
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the Bay of Islands, on the 28th |
Oketopa 1835, ka wakaputa i te |
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day of October, 1835, declare the |
Rangatiratanga o to matu wenua a ka |
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Independence of our |
country, |
meatia ka wakaputaia e matou he |
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which is hereby constituted and |
wenua Rangatira, kia huaina, ko te |
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declared to be an Independent |
Wakaminenga o nga Hapu o Nu |
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State, under the designation of the |
Tireni. |
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United Tribes of New Zealand. |
2. Ko te Kingitanga ko te mana |
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2.All sovereign power and |
i te wenua o te wakaminenga o Nu |
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authority within the territories of |
Tireni ka meatia nei kei nga Tino |
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the United Tribes of New Zealand |
Rangatira anake i to matou |
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is hereby declared to reside en- |
huihuinga, a ka mea hoki e kore e |
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tirely and exclusively in the he- |
tukua e matou te wakarite ture ki te |
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reditary chiefs and heads of tribes |
tahi hunga ke atu, me te tahi |
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in their collective capacity, who |
Kawantanga hoki kia meatia i te |
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also declare that they will not |
wenua o te wakaminenga o Nu |
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permit any legislative |
authority |
Tireni, ko nga tangata anake e |
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separate from themselves in their |
meatia nei e matou e wakarite ana ki |
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collective capacity to exist, nor |
te ritenga o o matou ture e meatia |
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any function of government to be |
nei matou i to matou huihuinga. |
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exercised within the said territo- |
3. Ko matou ko nga tino |
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ries, unless by persons appointed |
Rangitira ka mea nei kia huihui ki te |
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by them, and acting under the |
runanga ki Waitangi a te Ngahuru i |
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authority of laws regularly en- |
tenei tau i tenei tau ki te wakarite |
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acted by them in Congress assem- |
ture kia tika ai te wakawakanga, kia |
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bled. |
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mau pu te rongo kia mutu te he kia |
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3.The hereditary chiefs and |
tika te hokohoko, a ka mea hoki ki |
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heads of tribes agree to meet in |
nga tauiwi o runga, kia wakarerea te |
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Приложения
Congress at Waitangi in the autumn of each year, for the purpose of framing laws for the dispensation of justice, the preservation of peace and good order, and the regulation of trade; and they cordially invite the Southern tribes to lay aside their private animosities and to consult the safety and welfare of our common country, by joining the Confederation of the United Tribes.
4.They also agree to send a copy of this Declaration to his Majesty the King of England, to thank him for his acknowledgment of their flag; and in return for the friendship and protection they have shown, and are prepared to show, to such of his subjects as have settled in their country, or resorted to its shores for the purposes of trade, they entreat that he will continue to be the parent of their infant State, and that he will become its Protector from all attempts upon its independence.
Agreed to unanimously on this 28th day of October, 1835, in the presence of His Britannic Majesty's Resident. (Here follows the signatures or marks of thirtyfive Hereditary chiefs or Heads of tribes, which form a fair representation of the tribes of New Zealand from the North Cape to the latitude of the River Thames).
English witnesses (signed)
wawai, kia mahara ai ki te wakaoranga o to matou wenua, a kia uru ratou ki te wakaminenga o Nu Tireni.
4. Ka mea matou kia tuhituhia he pukapuka ki te ritenga o tenei o to matou wakaputanga nei ki te Kingi o Ingarani hei kawe atu i to matou aroha nana hoki i wakaae ki te Kaara mo matou. A no te mea ka atawai matou, ka tiaki i nga Pakeha e noho nei i uta, e rere mai ana ki te hokohoko, koia ka mea ai matou ki te Kingi kia waiho hei matua kia matou i to matou Tamarikitanga kei wakakahoretia to matou Rangatiratanga.
Kua wakaaetia katoatia e matou i tenei ra i te 28 Oketopa, 1835, ki te aroaro o te Reireneti o te Kingi o Ingarani.
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Приложения
Henry Williams, Missionary, C.M.S.; George Clarke, C.M.S.; James C. Clendon, Merchant; Gilbert Mair, Merchant.
I certify that the above is correct copy of the Declaration of the Chiefs, according to the translation of Missionaries who have resided ten years and upwards in the country; and it is transmitted to his Most Gracious Majesty the King of England, at the unanimous request of the chiefs.
(signed)
JAMES BUSBY, British Resident at New Zealand
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Приложения
Приложение 3
Оригинальный текст Договора Вайтанги, составленный Уильямом Гобсоном
Her Majesty Victoria, Queen of England in Her gracious consideration for the chiefs and people of New Zealand, and her desire to preserve to them their land and to maintain peace and order amongst them, has been pleased to appoint an officer to treat with them for the cession of the Sovreignty of their country and of the islands adjacent to the Queen. Seeing that many of Her Majesty’s subjects have already settled in the country and are constantly arriving; And that it is desirable for their protection as well as the protection of the natives to establish a government amongst them.
Her Majesty has accordingly been pleased to appoint me William Hobson a captain in the Royal Navy to be Governor of such parts of New Zealand as may now or hereafter be ceided to her Majesty and proposes to the chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand and the other chiefs to agree to the following articles.-
Article first
The chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes and the other chiefs who have not joined the confederation, cede to the Queen of England for ever the entire Sovreignty of their country.
Article second
The Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the chiefs & tribes and to all the people of New Zealand the possession of their lands, dwellings and all their property. But the chiefs of the Confederation and the other chiefs grant to the chiefs Queen, the exclusive right of purchasing such land as the proprietors thereof may be disposed to sell at such prices as shall be agreed upon between them and the persons appointed by the Queen to purchase from them.
Article Third
In return for the cession of the Sovreignty to the Queen, the people of New Zealand shall be protected by the Queen of England and the rights and privileges of British subjects will be granted to them.-
Signed, William Hobson
Consul & Lieut. Governor.
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Приложения
Now we the chiefs of the Confederation of the United tribes of New Zealand being assembled at Waitangi, and we the other chiefs of New Zealand having understood the meaning of these articles, accept of them and agree to them all.
In witness whereof our names or marks are affixed. Done at Waitangi on the 4th Feb. 1840.
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Приложения
Приложение 4
Отдельные нормативные правовые акты
иофициальные документы Новой Зеландии
1.Maori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act 2004 No 107 (as at 30 March 2010), Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/ public/ 2004/0107/latest/DLM324349.html
2.Disputes Tribunals Amendment Act 1999 No 3, Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1999/0003/latest/
3.Disputes Tribunals Amendment Act 2009 No 22, Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2009/0022/latest/
4.Disputes Tribunals Amendment Act 1998 No 84, Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1998/0084/latest/
5.Disputes Tribunals Amendment Act 2002 No 80, Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2002/0080/latest/
6.Disputes Tribunals Act 1988 No 110 (as at 01 January 2011), Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1998/0110/latest/
7.International War Crimes Tribunals Act 1995 No 27 (as at 29 November 2010), Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation. govt.nz/act/ public/1995/0027/latest/
8.Disputes Tribunals Amendment Rules (No 3) 2001 (SR 2001/288). URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/ regulation /public/2001/0288/latest/ DLM324349.html
9.Disputes Tribunals (Prescribed Rate of Interest) Order 2008 (SR 2008/143). URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/ regulation /public/ 2008/ 0143/latest/
10.Disputes Tribunals Amendment Rules 1998 (SR 1998/224). URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/ regulation /public/1998/0224/latest/
11.International War Crimes Tribunals Regulations 1995 (SR 1995/138) (as at 01 October 2008). URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/ regulation/public/1995/0138/latest/
12.Motor Vehicle Sales (Motor Vehicle Disputes Tribunals Funding Levy) Regulations 2003 (SR 2003/328) (as at 15 December 2003). URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/ regulation /public/2003/0328/latest/
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Приложения
13.District Law Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunals Rules 1984 (SR 1984/223) (as at 03 September 2007). URL: http://www.legislation. govt.nz/ regulation/public/1984/0223/latest/
14.Disputes Tribunals Amendment Rules (No 4) 1998 (SR 1998/355). URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/ regulation /public/1998/ 0355/latest/
15.Land Valuation Tribunals Rules 1977 (SR 1977/227) (as at 03 September 2007). URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/ public/1977/0227/latest/
16.International War Crimes Tribunals Regulations 1995 (SR 1995/138) (as at 01 October 2008). URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/ regulation/public/1995/0138/latest/
17.Electronic Transactions (Amendments to Schedule) Order 2008 (SR 2008/113). URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/ regulation /public/ 2008/0113/latest.
18.Copyright Act Commencement Order 2000 (SR 2000/245). URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2000/0245/latest.
19.Electronic Transactions Act 2002 No 35 (as at 29 November 2010), Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/ public/ 2002/ 0035/latest/
20.Copyright Act 1994 No 143 (as at 07 July 2010), Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1994/0143/latest/
21.Fair Trading Act 1986 No 121 (as at 01 August 2009), Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1994/0143/latest/
22.Trade Marks Act 2002 No 49 (as at 15 December 2005), Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1994/0143/latest/
23.Arbitration Amendment Act 2007 No 94, Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1994/0143/latest/
24.Associated Churches of Christ Church Property Act 1929 No 3 (as at 03 September 2007), Private Act. URL: http://www.legislation. govt.nz/act/public/1994/0143/latest/
25.Education Foundation (Abolition) Act 1993 No 53 (as at 26 June 1993), Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/ 1993/ 0053/latest
26.Maori Vested Lands Administration Act 1954 No 60 (as at 01 July 2009), Public Act. URL: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/ 1954/ 0060/latest/
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