Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов металлургических специальностей, начинающих изучение языка
.pdf2.Have you ever collected stamps from different countries?
3.Have you ever met someone from another country?
4.Have you ever watched a foreign video?
5.Have you ever listened to a foreign radio station?
6.Have you ever eaten food from a foreign country?
7.Have you ever talked to someone in a foreign language?
8.Have you ever written to a foreign girl or boy?
Score one point for each yes:
1 – more than 6 points. – You’re a world traveller!
2 – 4–6 points. – You’re interested in other countries. 3 – under 4 points. – You’re a home lover!
Make up your own dialogues to find out who is who!
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LESSON 8
Phonetic exercises
[ :] see, we, read, heat, treatment, annealing, intermediate [e ] ageing, grain, applications; main; train; again; April [kw] quickly, question, quenching; quite; quiet; quater [ŋ] annealing, ageing, quenching, tempering, immersing [ə:] surface, her, immerse; first; third; curse; burst
[ju:] music, tune, reduce; fusible; curious; tube
[∫n] dictation, animation, attention, constructional; attraction; passion
Text 1. METHODS OF HEAT TREATMENT
Heat treatment is heating or cooling metals. There are four methods of heat treatment: annealing, quenching, ageing and tempering. Heat treatment changes structure and properties of metals. Let’s see the difference at the structure before and after heat treatment.
Annealing is a slow cooling of a material at a high temperature. Cooling makes metals malleable and ductile. After the metallurgists had annealed these metals they became more corrosion-resistant.
Rapid cooling at a high temperature by immersing in water or oil is called quenching. It makes steel harder, more brittle with small grain structure. After the metallurgists had quenched aluminium and manganese alloys they became harder. Beryllium bronze becomes more ductile but less hard. It makes non-carbon iron alloys more ductile and carbon steels more brittle.
Ageing increases strength and hardness of constructional materials (aluminium, magnesium, copper, nickel and alloy steels).
Hardened steel after quenching at a high temperature is too hard and brittle for many applications. Tempering, that is re-heating to an intermediate temperature and cooling slowly, reduces this hardness and brittleness. Higher temperatures usually give a softer and tougher product.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Find English equivalents in the text:
термическая обработка, закалка, старение, отжиг, отпуск, погружать, охлаждение, медленный, быстрый, различие, становиться, мелкозер-
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нистая структура, применение, средний, уменьшать, мягкий, строи- тельные материалы.
Ex. 2. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words.
1.Heat treatment is ... and ... metals.
2.There are four methods of heat treatment: ..., ..., ..., ... .
3.Annealing is ... .
4.After annealing metals become ... .
5.Quenching is ... .
6.It makes steel ... .
7.Beryllium bronze becomes ... .
8.Quenching makes non-carbon alloys ... .
9.Ageing increases ... .
10.After quenching hardened steel becomes too ... .
11.Tempering is ... .
12.Higher temperatures give ... .
Ex. 3. Answer the following questions.
1.What is heat treatment?
2.What methods of heat treatment do you know?
3.What is annealing?
4.What properties do metals get after annealing?
5.What is quenching?
6.What kind of steel does it make?
7.What happens to aluminium and manganese alloys after quenching?
8.What happens to beryllium bronze?
9.What happens to non-carbon and carbon alloys?
10.What does ageing increase?
11.What happens to steel after quenching at a high temperature?
12.What is tempering?
Ex. 4*. Translate into English.
1.Термическая обработка – это нагревание и охлаждение металлов.
2.Термическая обработка изменяет структуру и свойства металлов.
3.Отжиг – это метод термической обработки, медленное охлаждение после нагрева до определенной температуры. 4. Отжиг повышает пластичность и стойкость против коррозии. 5. Закалка – быстрое ох- лаждение при высоких температурах. 6. Закалка повышает прочность и пластичность металлов. 7. Углеродистые сплавы становятся хруп- кими, а безуглеродистые сплавы железа становятся пластичными.
8.У бериллиевой бронзы повышается пластичность, но прочность
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становится ниже. 9. Старение увеличивает прочность и твердость конструкционных материалов. 10. После закалки сталь слишком хрупкая для применения. 11. Отпуск – это нагрев до промежуточной температуры и медленное охлаждение. 12. Отпуск снижает твердость и повышает ударовязкость.
Ex. 5. Speak on the topic: “Heat Treatment”.
Grammar exercises
Ex. 6. Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Continuous.
1.My son (to play) computer games the whole day yesterday.
2.Mum (to cook) dinner from 5 to 7 yesterday.
3.Dad (to repair) his car all day.
4.I (to do) homework at 8 o’clock.
5.What you (to do) when I rang you up?
6.While the granny (to knit) my grandpa (to watch) TV.
7.When I saw the girl she (to cry).
8.He (to dance) with Mary the whole evening.
Ex. 7. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Continuous or Past Simple.
Last night I (to have) a wonderful dream. This is what I (to dream) about. We (to take) a trip to Hawaii. I (to be) with my family and two of my friends. We (to be) on a ship and (to travel) to Honolulu. On the ship there (to be) a disco. We (to sit) on nice comfortable seats and we (to drink) exotic juices. Lots of people (to dance) and the music (to play) loudly. We (to have) a lot of fun! When the ship (to arrive) to Honolulu a man (to wait) us to our hotel. The hotel where we (to stay) was by a beach lined with palm trees. People on the beach (to sing) and (to dance) to the music. The music (to get) louder and louder until I (can) hear a ringing in my ears. It (to be) my alarm clock! It (to be) 7 o’clock and time to get up.
Ex. 8. Speak about one of your dreams.
Ex. 9. Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Perfect.
1.Tom (to return) from the cinema by 10 o’clock.
2.I (to finish) my homework by 11 o’clock.
3.They (to build) this bridge by the end of last year.
4.When I came home Mum (to cook) dinner.
5.The teacher understood that the students (not to do) their homework.
6.Yesterday I found my ring which I (to lose) last summer.
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7.When we came to the station the train already (to leave).
8.He (to study) English before he entered the University.
Ex. 10. Put the verbs in brackets in Past Perfect or Past Simple.
1.John (to eat) all the cakes by the time the other children (to arrive) at the party. 2. After Mike (to pass) the test he finally (to get) the driving licence. 3. The patient (to die) before the ambulance (to reach) the hospital. 4. He (to open) his eyes, (to look) around and (to try) to remember what (to happen) to him. 5. When they (to enter) the hall the performance already (to begin). 6. During the holidays my friend (to visit) the town where he (to spend) his childhood. 7. He (to remember) that he (not to
ring) her up in the morning. 8. He (to return) home late yesterday. 9. When I got home I (to discover) that somebody (to break) into my flat.
Ex. 11. Complete the sentences.
1.Ben couldn’t write the letter because ... .
2.Jane missed the train because ... .
3.She failed her exam because ... .
4.She was sad because ... .
5.He was wet because ... .
6.They were hungry because ... .
7.They were tired because ... .
8.He didn’t ring her up because ... .
Ex. 12. Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect.
1.By eight o’clock yesterday I (to do) my homework and at eight I (to play) the piano.
2.By six o’clock Dad (to return) home and at six he (to have) dinner.
3.By ten o’clock the children (to sit) comfortably on the sofa and at ten they (to watch) TV.
4.When I (to ring) up Mike he still (to learn) the poem which he (to begin) learning at school.
5.When Dad (to come) home we (to cook) the mushrooms which we (to gather) in the wood.
6.I (not to see) him for a long time before we (to meet) at the concert.
7.He (to speak) the language we (not to hear) before.
8.I (to come) up to the window and (to see) that the rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) brightly.
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Ex. 13*. Translate into English.
Мистер Томас устал. Это было самое ужасное утро, которое когда- либо у него было. Он ехал на работу, как вдруг машина неожиданно сломалась. Он не хотел опаздывать на работу и решил пойти пеш- ком. После того как он прошел около получаса, начался дождь. Он поймал такси. Когда он приехал на работу, он обнаружил, что оста- вил все деньги в машине, и у него не было денег заплатить за такси. Когда он вошел в свой офис, все сидели в кабинете начальника и об- суждали новый проект. Все ждали его. После того как он объяснил все своему начальнику, начальник дал ему машину. Когда Мистер Томас приехал домой, он увидел, что в его дом ворвались.
CITIES AND TOWNS
Topical vocabulary
Active vocabulary
to be founded – быть основанным century – век, столетие
powerful – могущественный ancient – древний
to destroy – разрушать heart – сердце
capital – столица
striking – поразительный, замечательный to design – проектировать
architecture – архитектура
masterpiece – шедевр, произведение искусства attraction – привлекательность
historical – исторический church – церковь
educational institution – учебное заведение industrial – промышленный
cultural – культурный population – население tourist – турист
Passive vocabulary
target – цель, мишень guidebook – путеводитель
sight-seeing – осмотр достопримечательностей
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places of interest – достопримечательности сathedral – собор
fortress – крепость
in memory of the victory – в честь победы memorial – памятник
to bury – хоронить palace – дворец, mansion – ocобняк
Text 2. MOSCOW
Moscow is the capital of Russia. It was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in 1147. Gradually the city became more and more powerful. By the 13th century it had become the center of political and commercial life. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon‘s attack in 1812. The fire destroyed half of the city but by the 19th century the natives had restored the city.
Now Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. There are many places of interest there. The Kremlin and St. Basil’s Cathedral are masterpieces of ancient Russian architecture. St. Basil’s Cathedral was built in the 16th century in memory of the victory over Kazan. There are a lot of beautiful palaces, old mansions, cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow. There are more than 80 museums in Moscow. The largest is the Pushkin Museum. Moscow is famous for its theatres. The best known of them is the Bolshoi Opera House.
Moscow is the city of students. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in it. Moscow is the seat of Russian Parliament (the Duma) and still the center of political life in the country.
Exercises
Ex. 14. Complete the following sentences…
1.Moscow was founded 8 centuries ago by …
a)Ivan the Terrible;
b)Peter The Great;
c)Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy.
2.Now Moscow is one of …
a)the largest cities in Europe;
b)the largest cities in Asia;
c)the largest cities in Russia.
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3.St. Basil’s Cathedral was built in memory …
a)of the victory over Napoleon;
b)of the victory over Kazan;
c)of the victory over Hitler.
4.The best known of the Moscow theatres is …
a)The Central Puppet Theatre;
b)The Bolshoi Opera House;
c)Lenkom.
Ex. 15. Fill in the missing active words.
1.The Kremlin and St. Basil’s Cathedral are … of … Russian architecture.
2.There are a lot beautiful …, old …, cathedrals and monuments in Moscow.
3.There are over 80 higher … in Moscow.
Ex. 16. Answer the questions.
1.Who was Moscow founded by and when?
2.Why did it become the main target of Napoleon’s attack?
3.What is the heart of Moscow?
4.When was St.Basil’s Cathedral built?
5.What places of interest in Moscow do you know?
6.Why is Moscow the city of students?
7.What is your favourite place in Moscow?
Ex. 17. Read the dialogue and reproduce it.
Sam: Please, show me round your city. St. Petersburg is so beautiful. Vika: Yes, St. Petersburg is really one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
Sam: And do you know when and who it was founded by? Vika: It was founded by Peter the Great in 1703.
Sam: There are so many places of interest there.
Vika: Yes, there are many ancient palaces, old mansions, cathedrals in St. Petersburg. And of course it is a powerful center of commercial and political life in Russia.
Ex. 18. And do you like your city? Answer the questions and find out.
1.When you walk into the city center, do you feel:
a)happy; b) nervous; с) unhappy.
2.How do you think the city looks to a tourist:
a)interesting; b) ordinary.
3.How about the streets? Do they look:
a)very clean; b) clean; c) dirty.
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4.How many places of interest are there in your city ?
a)many; b) very many; c) few.
5.Which words describe how you feel about your city?
a)it’s good fun! b) it’s Ok; c) I don’t really like it.
Ex. 19. And now please tell us about your native town.
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LESSON 9
Phonetic exercises
[ə:] immerse, her, surface, certain; curtain; first; third; burn [ :] forging, forming, perform; ore; ornament; always; awful [e] bend, stretch, section, develop; very; ten; ever; never
[ :] sheet, piece, yield; we; sea; feeling [ou] low, slow, flow, blow; rolling
[e ] retain, shaping, frame; late; fate; favourite; straight [ ə] ear, hear, shearing; nearly; fear; dear; here
[ ] common, cross, orifice; pot; hot; got
[æ] hammering, flat, impact; fat; that; apple; battle [a ] like, divide, die; fine; right; quite; why
[u:] extrusion, smooth, pulling; cool; wool; grew
Text 1. METALWORKING PROCESSES
People have developed a lot of metalworking processes for certain applications. They divide them into five groups:
Rolling;
Extrusion;
Drawing;
Forging;
Sheet metal forming.
Rolling is the most common metalworking process. Metallurgists perform rolling either cold or hot. If it is cold the surface will be smoother and the product stronger. The most common product of rolling is sheet.
Extrusion is pushing the billet to flow through the orifice of a die. Aluminium window frames are the result of complex extrusion. Manufacturing of aluminium beer cans is the example of impact extrusion.
Drawing consists of pulling metal through a die. The example is wire drawing. It reduces cross section sizes and makes the surface smoother.
Forging is the shaping of a piece of metal by pushing with open or closed dies. It increases the metal’s plasticity. Open-die forging is hammering a part with two flat faces. Between blows metallurgists move or turn it. Close-die forging is the shaping of a hot metal within the walls that come together.
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