Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов металлургических специальностей, начинающих изучение языка

LESSON 7

Phonetic exercises

[e] melt, ten, smelting; pen; pencil; lead; very

[ou] go, foe, old, know, low, own; so; oh; no; bowling; road [a:] grass, brass, fast, cast; last; are; car; garden

Text 1. FERROUS METALS

«Ferrous metals» is the term for iron and its alloys. Iron is a very important metal people have used since the ancient times. But iron doesn’t exist on its own in the ground. So it took the ancient people such a long time to learn how to extract iron from a rocky material called iron ore. They called the process «smelting». The smelting of iron was the most important metallurgical development. Later the early iron-workers produced steel quite by chance. Since then life has become impossible without steel. Steel turned out to be iron with a small percentage of carbon in it. Everything that one does from the moment one wakes in the morning until going to sleep at night involves either something made of steel or something which was made using steel tools. The other form of iron is cast iron. Cast iron is a hard iron-carbon alloy.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Find the English equivalents for the words from the text:

черные металлы, сплавы, существовать самому по себе (находиться в свободном состоянии), выплавка, извлекать металл, железная руда, процентное содержание углерода, орудия труда из стали, включать в себя, чугун.

Ex. 2. Complete the sentences.

1.«Ferrous Metals» is the term ….

2.It took them such a long time to ….

3.The process of extracting iron from iron ore ….

4.The smelting of iron was the most ….

5.Steel turned out to be ….

6.Everything one does from the very morning till night ….

7.Cast iron is ….

Ex. 3. Answer the questions.

1. What are ferrous metals?

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2.Does iron exist on its own in the ground?

3.Did it take the ancient people long to extract iron from iron ore? Why?

4.What process did they call «smelting»?

5.Did steel turn out to be iron with a small percentage of carbon?

6.Why has life become impossible without steel?

7.What is cast iron?

Ex. 4*. Translate into English.

1.С древних времен люди использовали железо и его сплавы.

2.Но в земле железо не существует в свободном состоянии.

3.Слишком много времени ушло на то, чтобы люди научились извле- кать железо из железной руды.

4.Процесс получения железа из железной руды называется выплавкой.

5.Кузнецы получили сталь совершенно случайно.

6.Сталь – это железо с малым содержанием углерода.

7.Почти все предметы вокруг нас содержат стальные детали.

8.Орудия труда из стали – одно из самых важных достижений в разви- тии металлургии.

9.Чугун – это еще одна форма железа.

10.Жизнь стала невозможной без стали.

Ex. 5. Retell the text.

Grammar exercises

Ex. 6. Translate these sentences.

1.I’ve been to London.

2.I’ve never been to Spain, Brazil, Turkey...

3.My sister has just returned from Italy.

4.My Daddy has never driven a foreign car.

5.I’ve just watched a TV documentary about Brazil.

6.We have already written a letter to our parents.

7.I’ve never been abroad.

Ex. 7. Answer the questions.

1.Have you ever been to Japan?

2.Have you ever met a famous person? Who?

3.Have you ever seen a snake?

4.Has your brother ever played football?

5.Have you ever eaten foreign food?

6.Have you ever met the President?

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7.Have you ever read detective stories by A. Marinina?

8.Have you seen the film « Signs»?

Ex. 8. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Perfect.

1.Can I have this newspaper? – Yes, I (to finish) with it.

2.I (to buy) new shoes. Do you want to see them?

3.Where’s Liz? – She (to go) out.

4.I’m looking for Paula. You (to see) her?

5.Look! Somebody (to break) the window.

6.Does Lisa know that you’re going away? – Yes, I (to tell) her.

7.I can’t find my umbrella. Somebody (to take) it.

8.I’m looking for Sarah. Where she (to go)?

9.I know that woman but I (to forget) her name.

10.Sue is having a party tonight. She (to invite) a lot of people.

11.What are you going to do? You (to decide)?

12.Where are my glasses? – I don’t know. I (not to see) them.

Ex. 9. Answer the questions using already.

1.What time is Paul arriving? – He … .

2.Do Sue and Bill want to see the film? – No, they ... .

3.Don’t forget to phone Tom? – I ... .

4.When is Martin going away? – He ... .

5.Do you want to read the newspaper? – I ... .

6.When does Linda start her new job? – She ... .

Ex. 10. Complete the sentences with just or yet.

1.She (not to go).

2.The bus (to go).

3.The bus (not to go).

4.He (not to open) it.

5.They (to finish) their dinner.

6.It (not to stop) raining.

7.You (to start) your new job?

8.Nick (to meet) his neighbours?

9.They (to write) her a letter?

10.Tom (to sell) his old car?

Ex. 11. Complete the sentences with just, yet or already.

1.Have you made your bed …? No, I haven’t made it …. I can do it later.

2.I’ve…done my homework. I did it this morning.

3.Have you been to the shops…? No. I haven’t been …. I can go this afternoon.

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4.I have … seen him. He’s coming now.

5.I haven’t tidied my room ….

6.I’ve … given the food to the dog. It’s eating now.

Ex. 12. Complete the sentences with ever or never.

1.You (to be) to London?

2.I (to play) golf.

3.I (not to be) to Australia.

4.I (not to lose) my passport.

5.Tim (to be) to New York?

6.You (to eat) Chinese food?

7.They (to drive) a bus.

8.We (not to break) our legs.

9.My friends (not to fly) in a helicopter.

10. She (to visit) the Bolshoi Theatre.

Ex. 13. Write for or since.

1.Jill has been in Ireland ... Monday.

2.Jill has been in Ireland ... three days.

3.My aunt has lived in Australia ... 15 years.

4.Margaret is in her office. She has been there ... 7 o’clock.

5.India has been independent ... 1947.

6.The bus is late. We’ve been waiting ... 20 minutes.

7.Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ... many years.

8.Mike has been ill ... a long time. He has been in hospital ... October.

Ex. 14. Make questions with How long?

1.Jill is on holiday.

2.Mike and Judy are in Brazil.

3.I know Margaret.

4.Diana is learning Italian.

5.My brother lives in Canada.

6.I’m a teacher.

7.It is raining.

8.They are married.

Ex. 15. Which is right?

1.Mark is/ has been in Canada since April.

2.Jane is a good friend of mine. I know/ have known her for a long time.

3.Jane is a good friend of mine. I know/ have known her very well.

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4.Sorry I’m late. How long are you/ have you been waiting? – Not very long. Only five minutes.

5.Martin works/ has worked in a hotel now. He likes job very much.

6.Linda is reading the newspaper. She is/ has been reading it for two hours.

7.How long do you live/ have you lived in this house? – About ten years.

8.Tom is/ has been in Spain at the moment. He is/ has been there for the last three years.

Ex. 16. Right or wrong?

1.I’ve lost my key. I can’t find it.

2.Have you seen Ann yesterday?

3.I’ve finished my work at 3 o’clock.

4.I’m ready now. I’ve finished my work.

5.What time have you finished your work?

6.Sue isn’t here. She’s gone out.

7.Jim’s grandmother has died in 1989.

8.Where have you been last night?

Ex. 17. Choose the correct tense, Present Perfect or Past Simple.

Tania is 15 but she (has been, was) in three major ballets. She (has started, started) dancing when she (has been, was) 3 years old and she (has won, won) several dance competitions. She (has joined, joined) the Royal Academy last year. She (has danced, danced) with some of the greatest dancers in the world and 2 months ago (has played, played) the part of Juliet at the performance in Oxford. Tania loves shopping but spends most of her money on shoes – she (has bought, bought) over 100 pairs of ballet shoes.

Ex. 18. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Perfect or Past Simple.

1.We (to travel) around Europe last year.

2.My father knows so much because he (to travel) a lot.

3.I (to see) Pete today.

4.She (to see) this film last Sunday.

5.Alex (to meet) his friends two hours ago.

6.I just (to meet) our teacher.

7.The children already (to decide) what to do with the books.

8.Yesterday they (to decide) to help their mother.

9.Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France.

10.She (to live) there last year.

11.The rain (to stop) and the sun is shining in the sky.

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12.The rain (to stop) half an hour ago.

13.Have you (ever /go) to Japan?

14.Mike (not/go) to Australia in 1994.

15.Tom (never/ eat ) shark.

16.We (start) school last September.

17.You (ever/ meet) a film star?

18.I (buy) a new computer game on Saturday.

19.I ( never/ study) English before.

20.You (see) the Lion King?

21.The stuntman (crash) his car yesterday.

22.Sara (ever/ collect) stamps?

23.We (visit) our Grandma last month.

Ex. 19*. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Я уже сделала уроки. 2. Он только что пришел домой. 3. Я читала эту книгу. Я читала ее прошлым летом. 4. Я никогда не летала на вертолете. 5. Ты когда-нибудь была в Италии? 6. Я ничего еще не ел. 7. Мы учимся в этом институте с сентября. 8. Кто это написал? 9. В прошлом году я ездила в Нью-Йорк. – А я там никогда не был. 10. Ты уже закончила работать над своим проектом? – Да, я закончила его на прошлой неделе. 11. Как долго ты находишься в Москве? – Я здесь уже два года. 12. Сегодня его нет, он заболел. – Когда он забо- лел? – Он заболел вчера.

Ex. 20. Fill in the gaps with can/could, may/might, must, should..

1.Where are you going on your holidays? – I’m not sure. I ... go to Italy.

2.Catherine got the job because she ... speak five languages.

3.We ... go to the bank today. We haven’t got any money.

4.Sally and Colin are too young. I don’t think they ... get married.

5.I was tired but I ... not sleep.

6. ... I go out? Yes, you ... .

7.The game tomorrow is very important for us. We ... win.

8.You are speaking to me very quietly. I ... not hear you.

9.Diane needs a rest. She ... have a holiday.

10.How are you going to get home tonight? – I ... take a taxi.

11.I wanted to speak to Martin yesterday but I ... not find him.

12.... you pass me the salt, please?

Ex. 21*. Translate into English.

1. Это фантастический фильм. Ты обязан его посмотреть. 2. Это фантастический фильм. Ты должен его посмотреть. 3. Она хорошо

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поет. 4. Твои руки грязные. Ты должен вымыть их. 5. Возможно, сейчас пойдет снег. 6. Джеймс плохо себя чувствует, ему следует пойти к врачу. 7. Шерон не могла пойти на встречу на прошлой не- деле, она была больна. 8. Можно мне взять твою ручку? – Да, конеч- но. 9. Ты видел мою сумку? Я не могу найти ее. 10. Возможно, мы и пойдем куда-нибудь сегодня. 11. Я не хотела вчера есть и не смогла съесть свой ужин. 12. Можно я задам тебе вопрос? – Нет.

SPORTS TRAVELLING

Topical vocabulary

Active vocabulary

football, soccer – футбол football fan – болельщик team – команда

to beat (beat, beaten) – бить, ударять, победить to score – забивать гол

sсore – счет

in one’s favour – в чью-то пользу goalkeeper – вратарь

injury – травма

referee – спортивный судья

to shout – болеть, кричать за команду

to support – болеть, поддерживать команду to lose – проиграть

to win – выиграть

to be on form – быть в хорошей форме to be off form – быть в плохой форме kick – удар

exciting – волнующий, захватывающий keen – страстный, увлеченный

career – карьера

means of travelling – способы путешествовать to book seats – заказывать билеты

beforehand – заранее

to travel by plane – путешествовать самолетом stewardess – стюардесса

flight – полет, рейс

to see smb off – провожать кого-либо to part – прощаться

to travel by train – путешествовать на поезде

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to travel by sea – путешествовать на пароходе an ocean liner – морской пассажирский лайнер on board a ship – на борту корабля

expensive – дорогой

to enjoy – получать удовольствие

to have a great time – хорошо проводить время pleasure – удовольствие

to prefer – предпочитать

hot-air balloon – воздушный шар to camp – ходить в поход

desert – пустыня

to climb a mountain – взбираться на гору

Passive vocabulary

scorer – игрок, забивающий гол top scorer – лучший бомбардир to break (bones) – ломать (кость) free kick – свободный удар

a penalty kick – штрафной удар to weigh – взвешивать

altitude – высота

an express train – скорый поезд a sleeper – спальный вагон

a passenger car – вагон а сompartment – купе

upper berth – верхняя полка lower berth – нижняя полка сalm – спокойный

rough – грубый, бурный (о море) frog – лягушка

disgusting – отвратительный poisonous spider – ядовитый паук snake – змея

ostrich – cтраус

to scuba dive – заниматься подводным плаванием

Text 2. FAMOUS SPORTS PERSONALITIES

Jurgen Klinstman from Germany is one of the world’s greatest footballers and he has played for Germany, Inter Milan, AS Monako.

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He first started playing football (or soccer) at school when he was 15. People soon realised that he was better at soccer than many boys who were much older than him. Stuttgart Kiskers asked him to play for them in 1980. He didn’t go to university – he started to play professional soccer instead.

He has travelled all over the world and has played football in a lot of different countries. He has scored over a hundred goals in his career and has broken several bones, but he hasn’t had any really serious accidents.

Klinsman’s favourite films are cartoons, his star sign is Leo and he always eats pasta or rice before a match.

Exercises

Ex. 22. Are these sentences true or false?

1.Jurgen Klinsman is English.

2.He hasn’t played for Real Madrid.

3.He started playing football at university.

4.Soccer is another word for football.

5.He hasn’t had any really bad accidents.

6.He eats hamburgers before every match.

Text 3. TRAVELLING

Thousands of people travel every day. There are different means of travelling. You can travel by plane, by train, by sea. It is very expensive to travel by plane. That is why if people have time they go by train. Modern trains are very comfortable and you can enjoy even a very long journey. You can see many interesting places of the country you are travelling through. Travelling by sea is popular for pleasure trips. Many people prefer travelling by car. What other means of travelling can you guess from this short letter from Australia: «We are still in Australia. We have stayed in a lot of places. We’ve had a great time!!

We’ve travelled all over the country and we’ve seen a lot of things. We’ve been in a hot-air balloon over Sydney and we even travelled by boat! I’ve seen green frogs and I’ve watched real crocodiles in Kakadu National Park! They were disgusting! We have camped in Simpson Desert! There we have seen poisonous spiders and snakes. We have visited a tropical forest with kangaroos and ostriches. I’ve climbed a mountain. It’s been great! And I have learnt how to scuba dive. We have enjoyed the trip.»

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Ex. 23. Fill in the missing active words.

1.There are different … of travelling.

2.Travelling by plane is very … .

3.Modern trains are very comfortable and you … .

4.Travelling by sea is for … .

5.In Australia we’ve been in … over Sydney.

6.I’ve … a mountain.

7.We’ve camped in Simpson … and visited tropical forests!

Ex. 24. Answer the questions.

1.What means of travelling do you know?

2.Travelling by plane isn’t very expensive, is it?

3.Why can you enjoy travelling by train?

4.Are you fond of travelling?

5.What means of travelling do you prefer?

6.Have you ever travelled? To what country?

Ex. 25. Read the dialogue and reproduce it.

Patrick: Have you ever camped in a desert, Helen? Helen: No, I haven’t, but it’s wonderful!!

Patrick: But it’s a bit risky. The nearest shop is 200 kilometers away. Helen: Yeah, but I’ve seen kangaroos and ostriches.

Patrick: And what about poisonous spiders and snakes …, aren’t you afraid of them?

Helen: Then why start camping in this case?!

Ex. 26. Choose the correct answer.

1.Helen and Patrick went to the desert… а) on foot; b) by train; c) by car.

2.Helen …, the desert:

а) likes; b) hates; c) isn’t interested in.

3.Patrick thinks the camping in the desert is:

a)interesting; b) boring; c) the same as everywhere.

Ex. 27. Would you like to go to Australia? Why?

Speech exercises

Ex. 28. Are you interested in other countries? Answer the questions and find out!

1. Have you ever been to a foreign country?

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