Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие № 139
.pdfМинистерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет
Общестроительный факультет
Кафедра иностранных языков
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебно-методическое пособие № 139
Санкт-Петербург
2013
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УДК 811.111:696:378(075.8)
Рецензент канд. филол. наук, доцент Т. Б. Воеводская
Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие № 139 / сост.
Е. П. Селезнёва; СПбГАСУ. – СПб., 2013. – 25 с.
Предназначено для перевода индивидуальных текстов студентами направления подготовки 270800 – строительство – для развития навыков технического перевода со словарем и без него. Основу для адаптированных текстов составили оригинальные статьи из журналов на английском языке, ресурсов Интернета, а также Правил и рекомендаций Министерства охраны окружающей среды Финляндии по внутреннему климату и вентиляции зданий.
Каждый текст сопровождается заданиями на повторение словарного минимумаиосновныхграмматическихтем, необходимыхдлявыполненияперевода.
Тематикатекстовсоответствуетвосновномпрофилю«Теплогазоснабжение и вентиляция», в связи с чем пособие может быть использовано для самостоятельной работы студентами 2 и 3 курсов при подготовке к поступлению на англоязычную программу двойного диплома «Инженерные системы зданий» в Финляндии, а также в качестве пособия по английскому языку как дисциплины по выбору студента.
Адресовано студентам направления подготовки 270800 – строительство (профиль «Теплогазоснабжение и вентиляция»).
© Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет, 2013
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TEXT 1
Indoor climate of buildings
1. As a whole, buildings shall be designed and constructed in such a way that a healthy, safe and comfortable indoor climate can be achieved in the occupied zone under all normal weather conditions and operational situations. 2. The principal designer must ensure that the building plan and all specific plans as a whole meet the requirements for indoor climate. 3. The foreman in charge is responsible for ensuring that the building work is carried out in accordance with the building plan and specific plans in such a way that the requirements regarding indoor climate are met. 4. In order to achieve a healthy, safe and comfortable indoor climate, it is necessary in the design and construction of buildings to take into account internal and external load factors and the location of the building and the building site. 5 Internal load factors include thermal and moisture loads, human loads, processes, and emissions of building materials and interior furnishing materials. 6. Among external load factors the most considerable ones are weather and acoustic conditions and quality of outdoor air. 7. A comfortable room temperature can be maintained during periods of occupancy so that unnecessary energy use is avoided. 8. Buildings shall be designed and constructed in such a way that air movement, thermal radiation and surface temperatures will not cause discomfort in the occupied zone during periods of use. 9. The indoor air shall not contain any gases, particles or microbes in such quantities that will be harmful to health, or any odours that would reduce comfort.
I. Remember the words:
Indoor, outdoor, achieve, ensure, requirement, whole, carry out, healthy, take into account, responsible for, regarding, in order to, internal, external, include, site, moisture, load factor, emission, quality, considerable, maintain, thermal, surface, cause (v), particle, microbe, quantity, harmful, odour, reduce.
II. Note in the text:
1. Modal verbs; Participles II. 2. Subjects and predicates. 3. Gerund; predicates (tense, voice). 4. Infinitives and their functions. 5. Noun groups; “-ing” forms, their functions. 6. Superlative degree; predicate, adjectives with suffixes. 7. Predicates (tense, voice), noun groups. 8. Noun groups, Participles II and their functions. 9. Modal verb; Subordinate clauses; Subjunctive.
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TEXT 2
Ventilation systems
1. Ventilation systems shall be designed and constructed in such a way that, when used, serviced and maintained in the correct manner, they will remain fully functional for their design life span. 2. It must be possible to control and monitor the operation of ventilation systems. 3. Measuring equipment or measuring provisions shall be designed and installed in ventilation systems for measuring key operating values and for monitoring the different functions. 4. Mechanical ventilation systems shall be equipped with fixed air flow rate measuring sensors and devices for measuring the building’s outdoor air and exhaust air flow rates. 5. In case of air flow rates less than 0.5 m³/s, such fixed measuring equipment may be substituted by measurement tappings compatible with portable measuring equipment. 6. Thermometers shall be installed on the inlet and outlet sides of the heating and cooling coils and heat recovery equipment of the air-handling units and differential pressure gauges shall be installed on air filters. 7. During periods of occupancy an outdoor air flow to ensure healthy, safe and comfortable quality of indoor air shall be supplied to the occupied premises. 8. The outdoor air flow rates are determined primarily on the basis of the number of occupants. 9. In case there are insufficient grounds for designing air flow rates on the basis the number of occupants, then such design shall be based on outdoor air rate per surface area.
I. Remember the words:
Maintain, remain, measure, measurement, value, equip, equipment, fix, flow, device, sensor, substitute, tap, compatible, portable, install, inlet, outlet, coil, recovery, gauge, ensure, premises, indoor, outdoor, determine, sufficient, insufficient, surface, area.
II. Note in the text:
1. Noun groups; Participles II, functions; subjects and predicates (tense, voice). 2. Modal verb; Infinitives, their functions. 3. “-ing” forms, their functions; predicates. 4. Noun groups; Gerund. 5. Comparative degree; adjectives with suffix. 6. Noun groups, predicates. 7. Infinitive, its function; Participle II, its function. 8. Subject and predicate; adverb. 9. Construction “there + be”; adjective with prefix; noun groups; gerund.
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TEXT 3
Air distribution
1. Air distribution is transportation of a specified air flow to or from the treated space or spaces, generally by means of ducts. 2. Along the ducts, devices for the purpose of treating the air (for example cleaning, heating, cooling, humidifying or de-humidifying, etc.) and known as air treatment devices may be inserted. 3. Certain specified conditions such as air change rate, pressure, cleanliness, temperature, humidity, air velocity and noise level must be satisfied. 4. Air terminal devices form the common boundaries between the treated space and the air distribution system. 5. Exhaust or the air flow leaving the treated space may be accomplished in one or more of the following ways: extract, relief, recirculation or transfer. 6. Relief is exhaust in which air is allowed to escape from the treated space should the pressure in the space rise above a specified level. 7. Accessories of distribution are permanently installed components of air distribution system. 8. They ensure the fitting and fixing in place of the elements of distribution and their maintenance (for example: fixing collars, sealing joints, inspection covers, etc.). 9. Air duct is in a general way the envelope in which air is carried. 10. These ducts can be made of various materials. 11. The assembly of the ducts of an installation and of the other elements of distribution inserted into these ducts constitutes the distribution network.
I. Remember:
Distribution, distribute, flow, duct, device, purpose, rate, humidity, humidify, velocity, satisfy, exhaust, accomplish, extract, relief, recirculation, transfer (n, v), allow, escape, accessories, specified, install, rise, fit, fix, collar, joint, seal (v), cover, assembly, insert, constitute.
II. Note in the text:
1. Participles II and their functions; noun groups. 2. Gerunds; modal verb; Participles II and their functions. 3. Noun groups; predicate; Participles II and their functions. 4. Subject and predicate. 5. Participle I and its function. 6. Subordinate clauses; predicates (tense, voice). 7. Noun group; adverb. 8. “-ing” forms and their functions; noun group. 9. Subjects and predicates (tense, voice); Subordinate clause. 10. Modal verb. 11. Participle II and its function; noun group.
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TEXT 4
Extract air classification
1. Routing of exhaust air out of the building is based on extract air classification including four main extract air classes. 2. Extract air of class one contains impurities in low concentrations. 3. The main sources of impurities are human metabolism and emissions from structures. 4. Examples of premises with such extract air are office premises and related small storage areas, customer service areas, teaching areas, commercial areas with no odour load. 5. This air is suitable for use as recirculation and/or transferred air. 6. Extract air of class two contains some impurities (as in dwelling rooms, dining rooms, stores, office building storage rooms, dressing rooms and restaurants where smoking is forbidden). 7. This air shall not be used as recirculation air for other rooms but it can be conducted as transferred air to e.g. toilets and wash rooms. 8. Class three means extract air from areas where damp, processes, chemicals and odours substantially impair the quality of extract air. 9. Examples of such premises are toilets and wash rooms, saunas, apartment kitchens, distribution and teaching kitchens, areas of copying drawings. 10. Extract air of class four contains odours or impurities detrimental to health in significantly higher concentrations than those acceptable for indoor air. 11. This air shall not be used as recirculation and/or transferred air. 12. This air can be found in fume cupboards in professional use, local kitchens, garages and traffic tunnels, rooms for handling paints and solvents, rooms for unwashed laundry, rooms for foodstuff waste, chemical laboratories, smoking rooms etc.
I. Remember:
Extract, route, exhaust, include, contain, impurities, source, emission, area, load, suitable, recirculation, conduct, transfer, damp, substantially, impair, quality, distribution, detrimental, significantly, acceptable, fume.
II. Note in the text:
1. Gerund and its function; noun groups; predicate (tense, voice); Participle I and its function. 3. Subject and predicate. 4. Noun groups; Participle II and its function. 5. Participle II and its function. 6. Gerund and its function; Subordinate clause. 7. Modal verbs; Participles II and their function. 8. Predicates; adverb. 9. “-ing” forms, their function. 10. Comparative degree; “those” and its function; adverb. 12. Modal verb; gerund and its function; noun groups.
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TEXT 5
Air-conditioning system
1. If you’ve been thinking of upgrading your old central air-conditioning system there’s a lot to consider. 2. Every manufacturer today offers a wide range of products, with one suited to nearly every situation. 3. A few even make systems for houses that won’t accommodate conventional ductwork. 4. As you might expect, the two most important considerations are efficiency and cooling capacity, but there’s more to it than buying the biggest, most efficient system you can afford. 5. In fact, there’s quite a bit more. 6. Central air conditioning is, of necessity, a split system, with some components installed outdoors and others indoors. 7. The heaviest, noisiest, heat-shedding compo- nents–the compressor and condenser coil–are installed outdoors, while the evaporator coil is installed indoors, usually in the form of an A-frame in the plenum of a forced-air furnace. 8. In this case, the furnace’s blower moves warm air over the coils and distributes the chilled air. 9. The indoor and outdoor segments of the system are typically joined by two refrigeration lines and a low-voltage relay cable. 10. If a home is heated by some means other than forced air–baseboard or radiant floor heat, for example–the evaporator coil is typically mounted in a dedicated blower unit, which pushes the cooled air through conventional ductwork. 11. Most blower units are installed in attics and crawlspaces and are connected to flexible, insulated ductwork, which is the easiest and least costly to install.
I. Remember:
Consider, suite, accommodate, conventional, ductwork, efficient, efficiency, capacity, install, compressor, coil, evaporator, frame, furnace, blower, distribute, voltage, relay cable, heat, mount, flexible, least.
II. Note in the text:
1. Subjects and predicates (tense, voice); infinitive and its function. 2. Participle II and its function. 3. Subordinate clause. 4. Superlative degree; construction “there + be”; Gerund. 6. Participle II and its function. 7. Superlative degree; subjects and predicates (tense, voice). 8. Possessive. 9. Noun groups, adverb. 10. Subordinate clause; “-ed” forms, their functions; noun groups. 11. Subjects and predicates (tense, voice); Subordinate clause; Superlative degree; infinitive and its function; noun group.
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TEXT 6
Sizing for capacity and efficiency
1. Your heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) contractor will size your equipment to meet the specific needs of your home. 2. Factored into the equation will be the age of your house, the number and quality of its windows, how well it’s insulated, how many stories it has, its size, and, of course, local energy rates. 3. Contractors use industry sizing models, such as Model J, but most use them as a reference, modifying the results to accommodate their own years of experience. 4. A 1500-sq.-ft. ranch-style home, for example, might normally require a 2 1/2-ton air conditioner, but if it’s not well insulated, or if a good many windows have western exposure, or if the trees offer little direct shade, then a 3-ton unit might be more appropriate. 5. In any case, sizing is critical. 6. If sized too small, the system will struggle, and even freeze over, on the warmest days. 7. If sized too large, the system will cycle on and off too frequently, greatly reducing its ability to control humidity. 8. It will also be less efficient. 9. Keep in mind that efficiency ratings are measured at the factory, under conditions that may have little to do with your house. 10. In any case, sizing is a job best left to seasoned professionals, and it’s a good idea to seek out more than one opinion.
I. Remember:
Capacity, efficiency, efficient, equipment, equation, quality, insulate, reference, modify, accommodate, experience, sq. ft., require, expose, exposure, offer, direct (adj.), appropriate, freeze, cycle (n., v.), reduce, ability, humidity, measure (n., v.), seek out, opinion.
II. Note in the text:
1.Noun group; predicate (tense, voice); infinitive and its function.
2.Participles II and their functions; noun group. 3. Participle I and its function; infinitive and its function. 4. Subjects and predicates (tense, voice); comparative degree. 5. Gerund and its function. 6. Conditional construction; Superlative degree. 7. Participle I and its function; infinitive and its function; adverbs. 8. Predicate (tense, voice); comparative degree. 9. Modal verb; noun group; Subordinate clauses. 10. Subjects and predicates; Participles II and their functions.
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TEXT 7
Ductless systems
1. In houses built without ductwork, and where conventional ductwork would be too costly or too inefficient to install, a ductless central-air system is now possible. 2. Ductless systems have long been popular in Europe and Asia, where building methods discourage ductwork, but are relatively new in the United States. 3. The Carrier Corp. is one of several companies now making ductless systems for the U.S. market. 4. In these systems, a single outdoor compressor serves several smaller evaporator coils located indoors, each in its own box and each with its own blower fan. 5. These components are installed on exterior walls, usually on the upper half, where much of the heat accumulates. 6. They’re finished unobtrusively, but they can be quite large, often measuring 6 x 18 x 24 in. 7. Condensation lines are routed outside, along with the refrigeration and electrical lines. 8. Ductless systems can also provide heat, either through resistance coils in the wall units or in heat-pump fashion. 9. The advantages of ductless air over window air are that ductless systems move the noisiest components outdoors, they can provide heat, and they distribute the air more evenly. 10. Installation costs vary widely, but ductless systems can be more expensive than ducted systems. 11. They’re reliable and efficient, but they’re not likely to replace ducted systems in the United States. 12. They’re considered to be problem solvers, the problem being fairly rare.
I. Remember:
Ductwork, ductless, costly, efficient, inefficient, install, relatively, compressor, evaporate, evaporator, coil, fan, exterior, upper, heat, accumulate, measure (v), route (n, v), along with, resistance, advantage, provide, either … or…, distribute, even, vary, consider, rare.
II. Note in the text:
1. Subjunctive mood; Participle II and its function; infinitive and its function. 2. Subjects and predicates (tense, voice). 3. Participle I and its function. 4. Comparative degree; “-ed” form its function. 5. Subjects and predicates (tense, voice). 6. Participle I and its function; modal verb. 7. Noun groups; predicate (tense, voice). 8. Modal verb; noun groups. 9. Predicates; comparative and superlative degree; modal verb. 10. Noun group; modal verb; comparative degree. 11. Complex Subject. 12. Complex Subject; Absolute participle construction; noun group.
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TEXT 8
How Conventional Systems Work
1. All heating and cooling technology grows from the law of thermal dynamics that says when hot and cold spaces are separated by a medium, the transfer through the medium will always be from hot to cold. 2. Heat follows cold, whether the medium is human skin, an exterior wall or the metal surface of an evaporator coil. 3. When warm, humid air is blown across the evaporator coil in your furnace, the heat in the air is drawn to and impinges on the cold metal surface of the coil’s fin tubes. 4. In the process, the moisture in the air condenses on the cold metal and drips into a pan below the coil, where it’s drained off, thus lowering the humidity in the house. 5. It’s a neat trick–a double trick–but it requires a repeatable cycle, over and over, every time the system’s thermostat demands it. 6. The evaporator coil needs to be constantly recooled and the heat it absorbs needs to be carried outdoors. 7. This is accomplished with a liquid/gas refrigerant, which undergoes a pressure-induced state change. 8. An outdoor compressor pressurizes the refrigerant, heating it to a gas state, then sends it through an adjacent condenser coil to be cooled and returned back to the evaporator coil. 9. There it picks up household heat and carries it back to the compressor. 10. When this cycle is repeated often enough, our homes become a lot more comfortable.
I. Remember:
Conventional, thermal, dynamics, separate, transfer (n, v), exterior, evaporate, evaporator, coil, humid, furnace, impinge, surface, moisture, lower (v), absorb, require, repeatable, thermostat, constant, constantly, accomplish, liquid, refrigerant, pressure, induce, induced, adjacent, condenser, heat, through, pressurize, refrigerant.
II. Note in the text:
1.Subjects and predicates (tense, voice); Participle II and its function.
2.Subordinate clause. 3. Participles II and their functions. 4. Subjects and predicates; Participle I and its function. 5. Subjects and predicates; possessive. 6. Subjects and predicates; noun group. 7. Noun groups; “-ed” forms, their functions. 8. Infinitive and its function; Participle I and its function.
9.Subject and predicates. 10. Subjects and predicates, comparative degree.
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