Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие № 139

TEXT 9

The Freon Question

1. As a result of the Montreal Protocol, a conference that grew out of international concern over the ozone-depleting qualities of CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) chemicals, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) is mandating the gradual phaseout of Freon, or R22 refrigerant. 2. The new, non- ozone-depleting replacement will be R4-10A. 3. In fact, some manufacturers have switched to R4-10A in some models already. 4. While this new refrigerant works just as well, it requires pressures up to 50% greater than Freon, so it can’t be used in existing equipment. 5. Interestingly, the higher operating pressure actually improves efficiency slightly. 6. In any case, there’s no practical way to convert existing equipment. 7. So where does this leave the tens of millions of us with Freon-based, R22 systems? 8. The short answer is that the Freon phaseout is stretched so far into the future that nearly all of today’s air conditioners will have been replaced by then. 9. The EPA required a substantial reduction by 2004, and all products containing R22 had to stop production by 2010. 10. The production of R22 itself must cease by 2020. 11. For those few R22 units still in service at that time, recycled R22 will be available, though it will probably cost a small fortune. 12. Most manufacturers offer two quality levels for each SEER (Seasonal Energy Effective Rating) number. 13. What you get in return is a better made unit that runs three to six times quieter and lasts longer.

I. Remember the words:

Concern, ozone, deplete, quality, chemical, gradual, refrigerant, replace, switch, require, operate, pressure, exist, equipment, improve, efficiency, slightly, convert, stretch, substantial, reduce, reduction, contain, cease, recycle, available, offer, level, in return, unit, last (v).

II. Note in the text:

1. Subjects and predicates; subordinate clause; Participles I, their functions. 2. Predicate (tense, voice). 3. Predicate (tense, voice). 4. Modal verb; Comparative degree; “ing” form, its function. 5. Comparative degree; adverb. 6. Construction “there +be”; Infinitive, its function. 7. “-ed” form, its function. 8. Subjects and predicates (tense, voice); possessive. 9. Participle I and its function; modal verb substitute. 10. Modal verb. 11. Predicates; Participle II and its function. 12. Noun groups. 13. Subordinate clause; comparative degrees; Participle II, its function.

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TEXT 10

Exhaust of air

1. Ventilation shall be designed to be as efficient as possible so that the supply air flows into the entire occupied zone, and that impurities are conducted directly to the extract air terminal devices without spreading into the room. 2. The supply air shall not flow directly past the occupied zone to the extract air terminal devices. 3. Air belonging to different extract classes must be discharged out of the building in accordance with the following principles. 4. Extract air of classes 1 and 2 can usually be conveyed in a common ductwork. 5. Extract air of class 3 is normally conducted, through separate ducts or through common ductwork that serves areas with similar level of cleanliness, into the ambient, into a collector duct installed above the areas it serves, or into an extract air chamber. 6. Extract air of class 4 is conducted out through separate extract air ducts. 7. In case significant quantities of substances, which are harmful to health or emit strong odours are handled or stored in a room, the room in question shall be provided with outdoor air and extract air ducts that are separate from the rest of the ventilation system. 8. Such premises include for instance storage areas for toxic substances, waste disposal areas and rooms for unwashed laundry. 9. Extract air from toilets, washrooms and cleaning cupboards that open up to workplaces, to areas where people spend time or to corridors, is usually conducted out to atmosphere through a separate extract air system. 10. However, extract air from toilets and similar rooms can be ducted to continually running exhaust ventilation systems of areas in dwelling and accommodation premises.

I. Remember:

Exhaust, efficient, supply, flow, entire, occupy, impurities, conduct, extract, device, spread, belong, discharge, in accordance with, convey, common, ductwork, separate, duct, emit, store, through, area, similar, above, significant, substance, quantity, provide, include, toxic, disposal, premises, dwelling, accommodation.

II. Note in the text:

1.Subjects and predicates (tense, voice); Infinitive, its function; gerund.

2.Participle II, its function; noun groups. 3. Participle I, its function; modal verb. 4. Predicate. 5. Subjects and predicates; noun groups; Participles II, their function. 7. Subordinate clauses. 8. Noun groups; Participle II, its function. 9. Subjects and predicates. 10. Modal verb; “-ing” forms, their functions; noun groups; adverb.

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TEXT 11

The first floor-heating systems

1. It may be of use to analyse the history of panel heating to give a better overall view of its development in the context of systems in general and, in particular, this may serve to illustrate why these systems are sometimes seen with a certain diffidence, and used only for applications which are entirely secondary and partial. 2. The idea of using the floor as a heat emission surface goes back over two thousand years. 3. Heating systems inspired by this idea were built by the Chinese, Egyptians and Romans. 4. The system adopted by the Chinese and the Egyptians was fairly simple. 5. It consisted of building an underground hearth and sending smoke under the flooring of the rooms to be heated; it was, in practice, single room heating. 6. The Romans, however, used far more complex, advanced systems. 7. Using the smoke from a single external hearth, they were able to heat several rooms and even several buildings, thus achieving the first central-heating type system. 8. However, it was not until the start of this century that underfloor heating appeared in its present form. 9. And it was an Englishman, Professor Baker, who was first to patent this type of system using the title “systems for heating rooms with hot water carried by underfloor piping”. 10. In London in 1909, Crittal Co. acquired the patent rights and heated one of the Royal palaces with this new system. 11. However, it was not until the period of the great reconstruction after the Second World War that a significant spread of panel heating took place.

I. Remember the words:

Heat, development, in general, in particular, certain, application, entirely, secondary, partial, emission, surface, adopt, fairly, consist of, hearth, external, achieve, appear, acquire, significant, spread, take place.

II. Note in the text:

1. Subjects and predicates; comparative degree; adverb. 2. Noun group; gerund and its function. 3. Predicate (tense, voice); Participle II and its function. 4. Participle II and its function. 5. Participle I and its function; infinitive and its function; “-ing” forms and their functions. 6. Comparative degree. 7. Subject and predicate; Participles I. 8. Subjects and predicates. 9. Infinitive and its function; Participle I and Participle II: gerund. 10. Subjects and predicates.

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TEXT 12

Post-war floor-heating systems

1. In the early years after World War II, there were two main reasons for the spread of panel heating – these were the constant unavailability of heat emitters and the ease of insertion of the panels in prefabricated floor slabs. 2. The technique used consisted of burying 1/2” or 3/4” steel tubes in the flooring, without overlying insulating materials. 3. In Europe from 1945 to 1950 over 100,000 homes were heated by this technique. 4. Very soon, however, it was noted that the equipment was causing numerous physiological problems, such as poor circulation, high blood pressure, headaches and excessive sweating. 5. Problems of this nature were so serious and well-documented that certain European countries set up Commissions to identify the causes. 6. The results of the various Commissions of enquiry agreed that, in the systems constructed, the physiological problems were due to two values being too high: (1) the surface temperature of the flooring, and (2) the thermal inertia of the floor slabs. 7. It was demonstrated in particular that, in order to avoid feelings of discomfort, the floor temperature should not exceed 28÷29˚C. 8. In fact in the systems examined, the higher temperatures were found, even in excess of 40˚C. 9. It was demonstrated that the excessive heat that accumulated in the floor slabs of systems meant overheating of the rooms above physiologically acceptable levels. 10. The systems, if constructed for a low surface temperature and with a not excessively high thermal inertia, can offer heat comfort greatly superior than that which can be obtained with radiator or convector equipment.

I. Remember the words:

Spread, heat, constant, unavailability, emitter, insertion, slab, technique, consist of, steel, overlie, insulate, equipment, cause, numerous, circulation, pressure, excessive, certain, identify, various, due to, value, surface, in particular, in order to, avoid, thermal, inertia, accumulate, overheat, acceptable, offer, obtain, convector.

II. Note in the text:

1. Construction “there + be”; noun groups. 2. Participle I and its function; “-ed” forms and their functions. 3. Subject and predicate (tense, voice). 4. Subjects and predicates (tense, voice). 5. Infinitive and its function. 6. Participles I and II, their functions; noun groups. 7. Passive predicate; infinitive, its function; modal verb. 8. Participle II, its function; comparative degree; predicate (tense, voice). 9. Subjects and predicates. 10. Subjects and predicates; modal verb; noun groups; adverbs.

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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1

Темы дипломных бакалаврских работ студентов, проходивших обучение по Программе двойного диплома по направлению «Инженерные системы зданий» в университете прикладных наук г. Миккели (Финляндия)

List of Bachelor's Theses in the Building Services Double Degree

Program Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences

1.Extract and cleaning of contaminated air in commercial kitchens

2.Low Energy Cooling Systems Based On The Cold Energy Sources Of The Ground

3.Commissioning of heating systems

4.Energy efficiency of the building

5.Heat pumps and under floor heating as a heating system for Finnish low-rise residential buildings

6.District heating systems in Finland and Russia

7.Obtaining good water quality without using big treatment plants. Treatment installations in buildings

8.Cleanrooms In Pharmaceutical Production

9.Indirect Adiabatic Cooling

10.Maintaining thermal conditions in exhibitions of Russian Museum and Archive of Mikkeli

11.Heating system based on heat pump technology for water treatment

plant

12.Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems

13.Modern Chilled Beam Technology

14.Utilization of solar energy in cold climate

15.Ventilation of commercial kitchens

16.Comparison of Russian and Finnish educational systems at university level. Education in the field of HVAC

17.Renovation of Ventilation and Air-conditioning System in old Russian Museums

18.Comparative analysis of Finnish and Russian regulating documents on water supply and drainage of residential buildings

19.Micro-organisms (bacteria and fungi) in buildings

20.Comparison of Thermal Insulation Materials for Building Envelopes of the Multi-storey Buildings in Saint-Petersburg

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21.Air pollution and air cleaning equipment in building

22.Comparison of Finnish and Russian indoor climate requirements in residential buildings

23.Mechanical ventilation systems in swimming pools

24.Comparison of heat pump and boiler for one-family house. Heat sources in one-family house

25.Aspiration systems in furniture factories

26.Determining the best location of carbon dioxide sensor in a classroom

27.Efficiency of heat recovery unit in D-building

28.Ventilation of Underground Parking

29.Productivity and Indoor Climate

30.Heating system for a passive house in Finland

31.Influence of Natural and Mechanical Ventilation on the Indoor Climate

32.Demand Control Ventilation Systems in Sport Facilities

33.Efficiency of air handling unit of X-building

34.Determining the best location of smoke sensor in office room

35.Heat recovery potential of a canteen

36.Problem of Grease and its Solutions in Commercial Kitchens

37.Calculating of energy consumption of the sports hall

38.Mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation in high rise residential buildings in Russia

39.Ventilation and air handling in nearly zero energy buildings in Russian climate

40.Energy policies of Germany, Finland and Russia

41.Ventilation system at the cinema hall with different customer loading

42.Displacement ventilation in lecture halls

43.Systems Based on Maisotsenko Cycle. Coolerado Coolers

44.Comparison of the standardized requirements for indoor climate in office buildings

45.Efficiency of heat recovery units in ventilation

46.Ventilation in buildings with high moisture load

47.Determining the most suitable material for water pipes

48.Indoor climate in hospitals. What are the risks factors for patient?

49.Ventilation in sustainable office buildings

50.Energy efficiency of a passive house. Building simulation

51.Economizers in Chiller Systems

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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 2

Тестирование по английскому языку кандидатов на программу двойного диплома в г. Миккели, Финляндия

(типы заданий, требования)

LANGUAGE TEST FOR THE APPLICANTS TO THE DOUBLE DEGREE PROGRAMME OF BUILDING SERVICES

IN MIKKELI, FINLAND

1. WRITING TEST

Explain /summarize the contents of a Russian article in English.

Don't try to translate it word by word (or sentence by sentence) but give the main contents in English in your own words.

The time allowed is 90 minutes. Dictionaries or grammar books are not allowed.

The text is related with Building Services more at a general level, not at a highly technical or professional level. The purpose of the writing test is to make sure that you master the basic vocabulary required to take professional courses in English.

2. ORAL TEST

You will be personally interviewed in English. Each interview will take about ten or fifteen minutes. It will deal with your studies, work experience and current issues of your field.

REQUIREMENTS

You have to pass both the writing and oral test to be accepted to study in the double degree programme.

PREPARING FOR THE TEST

You can find useful vocabulary in the articles on the following Internet sites:

www.eere.energy.gov

www.epa.gov

www.doe.gov

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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 3

Пример письменного задания тестирования по английскому языку поступающих на программу двойного диплома по инженерным системам в университет прикладных наук г. Миккели (2010)

WRITING TEST

Explain / summarize the contents of the enclosed Russian article into English.

Don't try to translate it word by word (or sentence by sentence) but give the main contents in English in your own words.

Your text should at least two pages (written on every other line). Remember to have an introduction, several paragraphs and a conclusion.

The time allowed is 90 minutes.

Энергоэффективные здания

Здания потребляют 40 % энергии, используемой в странах ОЭСР. Анализ МЭА показывает, что экономически целесообразный потенциал энергосбережения для такого конечного потребления огромен.

Комплексприоритетныхмерпоповышениюэффективностииспользования энергии в строительном секторе охватывает:

–строительные нормы для новых зданий;

–здания с пассивным энергопотреблением и здания с нулевым энергопотреблением;

–существующие здания;

–строительные сертификации;

–окна и другие застекленные участки.

2.1. Разработка строительных норм для новых зданий

Повышениеэнергоэффективностивновыхзданияхявляетсяособенно целесообразным и должно занимать центральное место в политических мерах по повышению энергоэффективности в строительстве. Усилия по повышению энергоэффективности новых зданий должны предприниматьсянасоответствующемправительственномуровнепосредствомвведениястандартовэнергоэффективностивстроительныхнормах, которые устанавливают минимальные стандарты по энергоэффективности для всехновыхзданий. Приэтомтакиестандартыучитываютпроблемырынка путем установки минимального стандарта для всех зданий. Типичная

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проблема, которую помогают решить строительные стандарты, — это проблема «заказчик–агент», или конфликт интересов между владельцами и арендаторами. Одним из последствий этой проблемы является то, что решения, связанные с энергетикой, имеют тенденцию основываться на непосредственных затратах на строительство, а не на соображениях энергоэффективности в долгосрочной перспективе.

Повышениеэнергоэффективностизданийтребуетусилийвсехстран и/или федераций. Большинство стран ОЭСР уже имеют обязательные стандарты энергоэффективности для новых зданий, однако в законодательствах некоторых стран такие стандарты все еще отсутствуют. В других странах стандарты энергоэффективности применяются только к определенным типам зданий. Кроме того, большинство стандартов ниже экономически оптимального уровня, если учитывать 30-летний срок службы зданий. Существует значительный потенциал увеличения полноты и строгости требований к энергоэффективности в строительных стандартах и для приближения к оптимальному уровню сбереженияэнергии, рассчитанномунаоснове30-летнегосрокаслужбыздания.

2.2. Здания с пассивным энергопотреблением и здания с нулевым энергопотреблением

Обязательные стандарты энергоэффективности устанавливают минимальные энергетические характеристики для новых зданий. Однако существует также необходимость стимулировать максимальную энергоэффективность новых зданий и гарантировать, что эти здания будут доступны на рынке.

Строительство зданий с высокой энергоэффективностью, использующих очень небольшую или вообще нулевую долю полезной энергии, является технически и коммерчески выполнимой задачей. С течением времени эти очень низко-энергозатратные «здания с пассивным энергопотреблением» (ЗПЭ) (использующие на 65-80% энергии меньше, чем стандартные дома) часто оказываются менее дорогостоящими, чем здания, построенные по традиционному проекту. «Здания с нулевым энергопотреблением»» (ЗНЭ) в настоящее время более дорогие, чем традиционныездания, ноихстоимостьснижается. Технологиястроительства зданий с низким энергопотреблением широко доступна уже в течение некоторого времени. Темне менее, несмотря нафинансовыепреимущества низких эксплуатационных расходов и техническую выполнимость, ЗПЭиЗНЭзанимаюточеньмалуюдолю(менее1 %) намировомрынке.

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Ограниченный интерес к энергосберегающим зданиям может быть объяснен фрагментарным характером этого сектора (в строительство одного здания вовлекается множество субъектов, принимающих решения) и ограниченным видением более долгосрочных эксплуатационных затрат, связанных с энергопотреблением и сроком службы. Опыт показал, что активная правительственная поддержка может увеличить интерескзданиямснизкимиэнергозатратами. Встранах, предоставляющих правительственную поддержку этим зданиям, они составляли большую долю общего фонда зданий, чем в других странах.

2.3. Существующие здания

Во всем мире существующие здания представляют главный источник энергосберегающего потенциала: с помощью реконструкции суммарное потребление энергии существующими зданиями может сократиться вдвое в течение 30 лет. Несмотря на техническую и часто коммерческую выполнимость повышения энергоэффективности существующих зданий, множестворыночныхбарьеровпрепятствуетегореализации. Эти ограничения включают конфликт интересов между владельцами и арендаторами, недостаточный интерес к энергопотреблению, отсутствие знаний об энергоэффективных вариантах и недостаток квалификации для установки и обслуживания энергоэффективных технологий. Повышение энергоэффективностичастоявляетсянаиболеевыполнимымвовремяреконструкции. Страны должны установить стандарты эффективности для существующих зданий, чтобы гарантировать повышение энергоэффективности во время любой реконструкции или восстановления. Крайне необходимы дальнейшие исследования для поддержки рекомендаций по повышению энергоэффективности в существующих зданиях. В настоящеевремястраныдолжныактивизироватьсборбольшегообъемаинформации об энергоэффективности их общего фонда зданий, о барьерах на пути повышения эффективности и успехах существующих инициатив по энергосбережению.

Сравнительный анализ политических мер по повышению энергоэффективности зданий требует сбора и анализа информации путем согласованных международных действий. Информация особенно необходима для сравнения политических мер по повышению энергоэффективности и определения лучших моделей мирового опыта. Помимо усовершенствованного процесса формирования политики, такая стандартизация имеет как минимум еще два других преимущества.

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