- •About the Author
- •Credits
- •How This Book Is Organized
- •Part I: Linux Basics
- •Part II: Installation
- •Part III: Configuration
- •Part IV: Administration
- •Part V: Maintaining the Linux System
- •How Each Chapter Is Structured
- •How to Use This Book
- •Conventions Used in This Book
- •What is Linux?
- •The origin of UNIX
- •Who started Linux?
- •Understanding Open Source
- •Understanding Closed Source
- •Understanding Artistic License
- •Is Freeware really free?
- •Is Shareware never free?
- •A comparison and contrast of licensing methods
- •The Growth of Linux
- •Linux on a Personal Computer
- •Graphical installation
- •Hardware detection
- •Graphical user interface
- •Linux limitations on the PC
- •Linux succeeds on the PC
- •Linux on workstations
- •Linux on servers
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Linux Kernel
- •Kernel versions
- •Kernel availability
- •Linux Distributions
- •Beehive
- •BlueCat
- •Caldera OpenLinux
- •Debian
- •Corel
- •DragonLinux
- •Elfstone
- •Gentoo
- •Hard Hat Linux
- •KRUD
- •LinuxPPC
- •Mandrake
- •Phat Linux
- •Slackware
- •StormLinux
- •SuSE
- •TurboLinux
- •Yellow Dog Linux
- •Mini and Specialty Distributions
- •Astaro
- •KYZO
- •FlightLinux
- •NetMAX
- •Packages and Packaging Solutions
- •Red Hat Package Manager
- •Debian Package Management System
- •Tarball
- •Linux Resources
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Linux In the Real World
- •Word Processing
- •Spreadsheets and databases
- •Web browsing
- •File transfer
- •More, more, and more applications
- •The Server and DNS
- •A Linux Web server
- •Linux e-mail server
- •File servers
- •Proxy, news, and search servers
- •FTP servers
- •Firewalls
- •Determining Linux Roles and Services
- •Comparing Linux with other operating systems
- •Hardware compatibility
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Installing Linux
- •Final Preparations for Installation
- •Verification
- •Package selection
- •Final hardware verification
- •Pre-installation partitioning planning
- •Installing Linux
- •Text or GUI installation
- •Basic setup of Linux
- •Selecting the machine type
- •Partitioning the hard disk drive
- •Installing a boot manager
- •Creating the Boot Diskette
- •Networking
- •Additional installation information
- •Accounts and passwords
- •Additional packages to install
- •GUI installation
- •Obtaining video card information
- •Configuring the X windows system
- •Selecting the windows manager or desktop environment
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Answers to Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Alternative to the GUI Installation
- •Command Line installation
- •Install the Linux system
- •Network installations of Linux
- •Review of a Linux Installation
- •Installation media
- •Initial selections
- •Installation type or class
- •Disk partitioning and formatting
- •Installing LILO
- •Network configuration
- •User accounts
- •Authentication methods
- •Package selection and installation
- •A Dual-Boot Installation of Linux
- •Linux with Microsoft Windows
- •Linux with Microsoft Windows NT and 2000
- •Linux and Solaris
- •Linux and other operating systems
- •Installing Additional Software with gzip and tar
- •Installing Additional Software with RPM
- •Removing software with RPM
- •Upgrading software with RPM
- •Query the RPM software
- •Verify the RPM software
- •Verify the package files
- •Upgrading the Kernel
- •Upgrading a Linux Kernel
- •System Log Files
- •The Final Test of the Installation
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •What is the X Window System?
- •The X Window System
- •X Client and Server communications
- •X Window Manager
- •Configuring X Window Systems
- •Custom X Window System Programs
- •Manual Configuration of the X Window System
- •Documentation
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Basic Network Services
- •TCP/IP Protocol Suite
- •Connection protocols needed
- •Other network protocols
- •Configuring Basic Network Services
- •Host name
- •IP addressing
- •DHCP
- •Netmask
- •Hardware resources
- •Routing and gateways
- •PPP, SLIP and PLIP connections
- •Server Tasks with
- •IP aliases for virtual hosts
- •Apache Web Server
- •Samba File Server
- •Home directories
- •Disk shares
- •Configuring Client Services
- •SMB/CIFS
- •NIS client configuration
- •NFS client configuration
- •Configuring Internet Services
- •Web browser
- •POP and SMTP
- •TFTP
- •SNMP
- •Remote Access
- •Rlogin
- •Telnet
- •OpenSSH
- •Documentation
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Adding Hardware
- •Memory
- •Swap
- •Adding a hard drive
- •Video and monitor
- •Printers
- •Configuration files
- •Setting environment variables
- •BASH
- •Documentation
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Basic User and Group Administration
- •What are users and groups?
- •Creating users
- •Change user information
- •Deleting users
- •Creating groups
- •Getting Around Linux
- •Navigating Linux
- •Common file and directory commands
- •Setting File and Directory Permissions
- •Mounting and Managing File Systems
- •Mount
- •Umount
- •Mounted file systems
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Multi-User Environment
- •The creation of Virtual Consoles
- •The Linux Terminal Server Project
- •Configurations for remote systems
- •Monitoring remote connections
- •Common Shell Commands
- •Basic shell scripts
- •Caution using root access
- •Navigating the GUI interface
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Linux Runlevels
- •init
- •Shutting down Linux
- •Managing Linux Services
- •Configuring Linux Printing
- •lpd daemon
- •/etc/printcap
- •Printing management
- •Using the vi Editor
- •vi operation modes
- •Editing text files
- •Using the
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Disk and File System Management
- •Repairing Partitions
- •System Automation and Scheduling
- •cron
- •Core Dumps
- •Analyzing core dumps
- •GNU Debugger
- •Managing Networking Interfaces
- •Installing System Packages and Patches
- •Compressed archive
- •Debian Package Installer
- •Slackware Package Installation
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Linux Processes
- •Core services versus non-critical services
- •Process administration
- •Process control
- •Monitoring Log Files
- •Maintaining Documentation
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Linux Security
- •Securing the Environment
- •Location
- •Environment
- •System Security
- •System/user files
- •Permissions
- •Log auditing
- •Backups
- •Linux Security Best Practices
- •Network security
- •Firewall
- •System security
- •Securing a Web server
- •Securing an FTP server
- •FTP program version
- •FTP configuration files
- •Process security
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Disaster Recovery Planning
- •Types of data
- •Frequency and Scheduling
- •Storage and media types
- •Recovering data
- •Offsite storage
- •Linux Backup Tools and Commands
- •Third party tools
- •Tape devices
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Identifying the Problem
- •Methodology and Best Practices
- •Troubleshooting Resources
- •Documentation resources
- •Internet resources
- •System Log Files
- •Tools for Log Files
- •Output to another file
- •Locating files
- •Process Configuration and Management
- •Stopping, Starting, and Restarting Processes
- •Configuration Files
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Examining the Startup Process
- •Boot process steps
- •Analyzing Boot Process Errors
- •Common Boot Problems
- •Using System Status Tools
- •File System Check
- •System Resource Commands
- •Using the System Boot Disk
- •Types of boot disks
- •Creating a boot disk
- •Creating a rescue/utility disk
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Common User Problems
- •Login problems
- •File and directory permissions
- •Printing problems
- •Mail problems
- •Software Package Problems
- •Package dependencies
- •Software and version conflicts
- •Backup and Restore Errors
- •Backup hardware
- •Backup software
- •File restore errors
- •Application Failures
- •Log files
- •Process and daemon errors
- •Web server errors
- •Telnet
- •Mail services
- •Basic Networking Troubleshooting
- •Networking connectivity
- •Network hardware problems
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Lab Exercises
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Mainboard Components
- •BIOS
- •System memory
- •System Resources
- •I/O addresses
- •Direct memory access
- •Laptop Considerations
- •PCMCIA
- •Linux Peripheral Configuration
- •Installing and Configuring SCSI Devices
- •SCSI definitions
- •SCSI technologies
- •SCSI cabling and termination
- •SCSI device configuration
- •Linux SCSI devices
- •ATA/IDE Devices
- •IDE drive configuration
- •Linux ATA/IDE Drive configuration
- •Linux Support for Other Devices
- •IEEE 1394 (Firewire)
- •Summary
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •Answers to Chapter Questions
- •Chapter Pre-test
- •Assessment Questions
- •Scenarios
- •What’s on the CD-ROM
- •System Requirements
- •Using the CD with Microsoft Windows
- •Using the CD with Linux
- •Microsoft Windows applications
- •Linux applications
- •Troubleshooting
- •Sample Exam
- •Exam Questions
- •Exam Answers
- •Taking a CompTIA Exam
- •How to register for an exam
- •What to expect at the testing center
- •Your exam results
- •If you don’t receive a passing score
- •About the Linux + Exam
- •Preparing for the Linux+ Exam
- •For More Information
- •Preamble
- •No Warranty
- •Glossary
- •Index
Appendix A What’s on the CD-ROM 587
Using the CD with Linux
To install items from the CD to your Linux system, follow these steps:
1.Insert the CD into your computer’s CD-ROM drive.
2.From the command prompt, type mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom.
3.To change to the CD-ROM directory, type cd /mnt/cdrom.
4.To change to a directory that contains the application that you want to install, type cd/mnt/cdrom/[directory name].
5.To install the application, follow these guidelines:
•For RPM, type rpm -i [filename]
•For Debian (files ending in .deb), type dpkg -i [filename]
•For Slackware, type (.tgz) installpkg [filename]
•For binaries that are tarred and zipped (files ending in tar.gz), type tar -zxvf [filename]
•If your version of tar doesn’t support gunzip options, use these two separate commands: To unzip the file type gunzip [filename] or to extract the file from the tar archive type the command: tar -xvf [filename]
For further installation instructions, please consult the README file for the program.
The CD-ROM contains some great applications that I think you will enjoy. Also included on the CD-ROM are the Linux+ Bible Certification Test Engine and the electronic version of the book in Adobe PDF format. The next section is a summary of the contents of the CD-ROM.
Microsoft Windows applications
Every program on the CD-ROM is located in the folder name associated with the name of the software. The following applications that install under Microsoft Windows are on the CD-ROM.
Electronic version of the Linux+ Certification Bible
The complete (and searchable) text of this book is on the CD-ROM in Adobe’s Portable Document Format (PDF), readable with the Adobe Acrobat Reader (also included). For more information on Adobe Acrobat Reader, go to www.adobe.com.
588 Appendixes
Linux+ Bible Certification test engine
The Linux+ Bible Certification test engine will help you test your knowledge of all the objectives covered in this book. The test engine has over 250 sample test questions that mimic the real Linux+ exam. Also included are detailed explanations of the correct answers.
Linux links
This is a standard text document that provides you with Web address links that you can use to progress your studies. No need to search the Internet for the most popular Linux URLs — this file has them all.
Phat Linux
Phat Linux is a full running version of Linux, but it can run on your current Windows partition. You don’t need to partition drives for this installation of Linux. Phat Linux is a user-friendly Linux distribution that is easy to install and can co-exist with Microsoft Windows. Phat Linux allows Windows users to run Linux while preserving their Windows partition.
Linux applications
Every program on the CD-ROM is located in the folder name associated with the name of the software. The following applications that install under Linux are on the CD-ROM.
FrazierWall Linux
FrazierWall Linux was originally created to be a customized firewall. It was based on the Linux Router Project and Coyote Linux 1.03 (www.frazierwall.com). Frazier Wall continued to modify and develop, as a separate distribution of Linux.
System Manager In a Box
Linux is difficult to configure and to maintain; in fact, computer professionals should really do this job. System Manager in a Box performs basic Linux administration tasks, including:
Reports configuration problems with common Linux packages
Gives tuning tips for common Linux packages
Gives an overview of activity and job control on a computer
Performs daily administration tasks
Runs your own regular administration scripts
Appendix A What’s on the CD-ROM 589
You can run System Manager in a Box directly in a terminal window, call it from other programs, or install it as a Web server CGI plug-in.
Big Brother system and network monitor
Big Brother is designed to enable any user to check the status of his or her network in near real-time, from any Web browser, and at any location.
Nettest
Nettest is a Perl script that tests the integrity of a net connection. If the connection is down, Nettest will beep the speaker, send e-mail, write in the system logs, or all of the above.
Sysmon
Sysmon is a network-monitoring tool designed to provide high performance and accurate network monitoring. Currently supported protocols include SMTP, IMAP, HTTP, TCP, UDP, NNTP, and PING tests.
RPM
RPM is a powerful package manager, which can be used to build, install, query, verify, update, and uninstall individual software packages. A package consists of an archive of files and package information, including name, version, and description.
Yafc
Yafc stands for “yet another ftp client.” It was developed under Linux and supports features, such as:
Directory cache
Tab completion (including remote filename completion)
Aliases
Autologin and bookmarks
Redirection to local command or file
Proxy support
Kerberos authentication
SSH2 support (sftp)
Encompass
Encompass is a Web browser for the Gnome Desktop Environment. It uses the GtkHTML rendering engine and the Bonobo component architecture.
590 Appendixes
Squid Web Proxy Cache
Squid Web proxy cache is a full-featured Web proxy cache designed to run on Linux/Unix systems. Squid supports:
Proxying and caching of HTTP, FTP, and other URL’s
Proxying for SSL
Cache hierarchies
ICP, HTCP, CARP, Cache Digests
Transparent caching
WCCP (Squid v2.3 and above)
Extensive access controls
HTTP server acceleration
SNMP
Caching of DNS lookups
AbiWord
AbiSource is developing seamless cross-platform, Open Source desktop applications. The first is the AbiWord word processor, currently available for free on Windows, Unix, GNOME, BeOS, and QNX.
SSH Secure Shell
SSH Secure Shell for Servers is intended for server computers (Web servers, file servers, database servers, mail servers, and so on) that need to provide secure remote access to multiple users. This version of the software runs on all major versions of the Unix or Linux operating systems.
Apache
Since April 1996, Apache has been the most popular Web server on the Internet. The February 2001 Netcraft Web Server Survey found that 60 percent of the Web sites on the Internet are using Apache (around 62 percent if Apache derivatives are included). Thus, it is more widely used than all other Web servers combined.
Apache 2.0 white papers
The Apache 2.0 white papers are the technical documentation associated with the Apache Web server. These are the different kinds of software distribution terms:
Shareware
Shareware programs are fully functional, free trial versions of copyrighted programs. If you like particular programs, register with their authors for a nominal fee and receive licenses, enhanced versions, and technical support.