Forms of the Participle I

	Active	Passive
Non-Perfect	doing	being done
Perfect	having done	having been done

The Usage of Participles I and II

Participle I Simple (doing) – виражає одночасність дій
Вживається: 1. як обставина
a) часу	(While) Conductingthis experiment, be very careful.
b) причини	Knowing this law, you can easily solve this task. Not visiting him that day, we didn’t know he had made a report at the conference
c) способу дії або супутніх обставин	They were in the laboratory conducting an experiment. The professor was standing in the lecture hall looking thoughtfully at the audience.
2. як означення	The student translatingthe article knows English very well. The substance being investigated can be used in the experiment.
Participle I Perfect (having done) – виражає попередність дії
Вживається як обставина:
а) причини	Not having found the composition of the substance, the scientists couldn’t compare it with other substances.
в) часу	Having learned the methods of preparation of oxygen, let us study its main reactions.
Participle I Perfect не вживається як означення	Everybody knows the name of the person who made this great discovery.
Participle II (done, helped) – має значення пасивного стану
Вживається як a) означення	The article translated was sent to him. Hydrogen burns readily in the air and the product formed is water
b) способу дії або супутніх обставин	When heated, this substabse dissolves

Ex. 1. Study the following words and remember them.

Accelerator [qk'selqretq], adjacent [q'Gei(q)nt], adsorbent [xd'sLb(q)nt], alkali ['xlkqlai], alloy ['xlOi], alter ['Lltq], alteration ["Lltq'reiS(e)n], beam [bi:m], brass [bra:s], diagnostics ["daiqg'nOstiks], dispense [dis'pens], emulsion [i'mAlS(q)n], ethyl ['eTil], exert [ig'zWt], inversely ['in'vq:sli], isotope ['aisqutqup], lime [laim], milestone ['mailstqun], nuclide ['nju:klaid], rod [rOd], viscosity [vis'kOsiti]

Ex. 2. Read the sentences, state the functions of the Participles. Translate the sentences.

1. The man writing something at the table is my friend. 2. Preparing for the examination, I studied several books written by the' professors working at the University. 3. Opening the door, I saw several students who were reading newspapers. 4. This metal located all over the world has a low-melting point. 5. Elements arranged according to a definite system compose a table. 6. When combined with this gas hydrogen burns in the air.

2. 1. The ten most common elements presented in Table 1 compose the solid crust of the earth. 2. Oxygen forms compounds with all the elements but the inert gases. The compounds formed chemists call oxides. A few such as titanium and mercury, form oxides very slowly, even when heated. 3. The article written by one of the specialists for our magazines the other day contains some important information. 4. Most of the specialists working at the problem spoken so much about are chemists of our University. 5. The article so often referred to contained new data.

Ex. 3. Change the following sentences using participial constructions.

1. All the people who live in this house are students. 2. The woman who is speaking now is our secretary. 3. The apparatus that stands on the table in the corner of the laboratory is quite new. 4. Theyoung man who helps the professor in his experiments studies at the evening school for laboratory workers. 5. People who take books from the library must return them in time. 6. There are many students in our department who take part in all kinds of extracurricular activities.7. As he now felt more at ease, the man spoke in a louder voice. 8. Since he knew who the man was, Robert was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him. 9. As he thought that it was his brother at the window, Steve decided to open it. 10. As the people were afraid of falling into a ditch in the darkness at any moment, they felt their way aboutvery carefully. 11. Since he needed a shelter for the night, Peter decided to go to the neighbours' house.

Ex. 4. Open the brackets choosing the correct forms of the Participles.

1. A positively (charging, charged) particle having the mass of the electron was discovered in 1932. 2. The scientist found that X-rays (produced, producing) were complex. 3. According to this theory (dealt with, dealing with) atomic structure the nucleus is a very small, compact, central part of an atom. 4. Oppositively (charged, charging) particles exert forces of attraction on one another. 5. Elements (composed, composing) of atoms containing only one or two valence electrons usually form positive ions. 6. (Investigated, investigating, having investigated) this phenomenon the scientists can make some important conclusions. 7. The work (doing, done) by these research-workers resulted in many new discoveries. 8. The ions (involving, involved) can be used as a highly sensitive detector of radiation. 9. The investigation (followed, following) by many experiments was of great importance. 10. The nuclei (formed, forming) in this reaction are unstable.

Ex. 5. Do you know what these people did for science? Match the name of a scientist and the achievement made by him.

1	H.Becquerel	A	The discovery of artificial radioactivity
2	E.Rutherford	B	The discovery of natural radioactivity
3	J.Chadwick	C	The development of the apparatus for the detection of radioactive nuclides
4	Geiger	D	The discovery of neutron
5	the Curie	E	The achievement of an artificial nuclear transformation