Unit 5 Grammar: Sequence of Tense; Direct and Indirect speech; Subordinate clauses.
S
tudy
the following grammar rule.
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Правила узгодження часів (Sequence of Tense) | ||||
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Present Simple → Past Simple Present Continuous → Past Continuous |
Дія підрядного речення відбувається в той самий період часу, що і дія головного речення. | |||
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Present Perfect → Past Perfect Past Simple → Past Perfect |
Дія підрядного речення відбулася раніше, ніж дія головного речення. | |||
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Future → Future-in-the Past |
Дія підрядного речення відбувається пізніше, ніж дія головного речення. | |||
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! Правило послідовності часів не застосовується в підрядних додаткових реченнях, які виражають загальновідомі факти: He knewthat metalsconductelectricity. –Він знав, що метали проводять електрику. | ||||
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Правило узгодження часів діє при переведенні прямої мови в непряму мову: 1) розповідних речень; 2) загальних питань; 3) спеціальних питань; 4) наказового способу. | ||||
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Приклади |
Переклад | |||
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Розповідні речення | ||||
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Пряма мова |
Непряма мова |
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He said, “Ilookafter the boy”. He said, “Ilookedafter the boy”. He said, “Ishalllookafter the boy”. |
He said that helookedafter the boy. He saidthat hehadlookedafter the boy. He saidthat hewouldlookafter the boy |
Він сказав, що він доглядає за хлопчиком. Він сказав, що він доглядав за хлопчиком. Він сказав, що він доглядатиме за хлопчиком. | ||
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Замість дієслова to say (to) вживається дієслово to tell та проводяться відповідні зміни особових і присвійних займенників, а також місце та час дії. Наприклад: this – цей, це → that – той, та these – ці → those – ті now – зараз → then – тоді here – тут → there – там to day – сьогодні → that day – в той день yesterday – учора → the day before – напередодні tomorrow – завтра → the next day – наступного дня next week – наступного тижня → the following week – наступного тижня ago – тому назад → before – тому назад | ||||
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Питальні речення. Загальні питання. | ||
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He asked, “Doyoulookafter the boy?”. He asked, “Didyoulookedafter the boy?”. He asked, “Willyoulookafter the boy?”. |
He asked if (whether) shelookedafter the boy. He asked if (whether)shehadlookedafter the boy. He asked if (whether)shewouldlookafter the boy |
Він спитав, чи доглядає вона за хлопчиком. Він спитав, чи доглядала вона за хлопчиком. Він спитав, чи буде вона доглядати за хлопчиком. |
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Спеціальні питання | ||
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He enquired, “Wheredoyougoevery evening?”
He enquired, “Wheredidyougoevery evening?”
He enquired, “Wherewillyougoevery evening?” |
He enquired where shewentevery evening.
He enquired where shehad gone the day before.
He enquired where shewould go the next day. |
Він питав (цікавився), куди вона ходить кожного вечора. Він питав (цікавився), куди вона ходила напередодні. Він питав (цікавився), куди вона піде завтра. |
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Наказовий спосіб. | ||
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The teacher demanded, “Hand inthe translations of the text”. The teacher asked, “Don’t touch the device!”. |
The teacher demanded to hand inthe translations of the text. The teacher asked not to touch the device. |
Викладач наполягав здати переклади тексту.
Викладач попросив не чіпати прилад. |
Ex. 1. Study the following words and remember them.
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convinced [kqn'vinst], proportion [prq'pO:S(q)n], steam [sti:m], condition [kqn'diS(q)n], state [steit], involve [in'vOlv], influence ['influqns], decomposition ["di:kOmpq'ziS(q)n], current ['kAr(q)nt], obtain [qb'tein], precaution [pri'kO:S(q)n], fraction ['frækS(q)n], crystallization ["kristqlai'zeiS(q)n], droplet ['drOplit], distillation ["disti'leiS(q)n], density ['densiti], environment [in'vaiqr(q)nmqnt], abundance [q'bAnd(q)ns], observation ["Obzq(:)'veiS(q)n], impurity [im'pjuqriti]. |
Ex. 2. Say the following took place in the past.
Example: The chemist says he has given a course of lectures on inorganic chemistry. →
The chemist said that he had given a course of lectures on inorganic chemistry.
1. He says that metals can be decomposed. 2. He says that oxygen can be easily prepared. 3. He says that he has got manganese dioxide. 4. He says that manganese dioxide has not changed. 5. He says that some substances burn spontaneously. 6. She says that iridium will not react directly with oxygen. 7. She says that she will prepare oxygen from solutions. 8. He says that some elementary substances combined very strongly.
Ex. 3. Change the sentences from direct into indirect speech.
Example: Ann said, “The discovery was made this year”. → Ann said that the discovery had been made that year.
1. The professor said, “The experiment is being made to illustrate my report”. 2. The students said, “We translated this article yesterday”. 3. The teacher asked the students, “What famous Ukrainian chemists do you know?”. 4. He said, “I noticed a new element present in the sun this month”. 5. She said, “I observed the density of nitrogen yesterday”. 6. They said, “We shall remove the nitrogen as solid magnesium nitride now”. 7. He said, “I shall introduce the residual gas into a Plücker tube now”. 8. They said, “We shall examine the spectrum of the gas”. 9. He said, “Janssen has examined the sun’s corona today”. 10. She said, “They have determined the properties of the new gas this year”. 11. Oleg said to Boris, “Will you go to the laboratory tomorrow?”. 12. She said to me, “Have you detected the characteristic spectrum of the element?”. 13. We said to them, “Did you detect any new gas in the atmosphere?”. 14. I said to Oleg, “Did anybody observe the phenomenon”. 15. I said to Masha, “Did Ann read about the experiments by Cavendish?”. 16. We said to them, “Have you detected the residue of the gas?”. 17. He said to Ann, “Where will you characterise the spectrum of a new element?”. 18. Anya said to Oleg, “When did chemists determine line spectra of alkali metals?”. 19. I said to Oleg, “When did Lord Rayleigh observe the density of atmospheric nitrogen?”. 20. He said to me, “Why did Ramsay pass atmospheric nitrogen over magnesium?”.
Ex. 4. Change the following questions from direct into indirect speech beginning each sentence with the words given in brackets.
Example: Have you found the book? (She asked me…) – She asked me whether I had found the book.
1. Are there any new substances? (The student asked me …) 2. Did you analyse the new mixture? (The assistant asked him …) 3. Have you detected the new rays? (He didn’t ask her …) 4. Have they told him about the new discovery? (I didn’t know …) 5. Can he tell us anything about the inert gases? (I really didn’t know …) 6. Will you suggest a reason? (I didn’t know …) 7. Is he determining the combining weight of hydrogen and oxygen now? (I asked …) 8. Did they discover the element terrestrially? (I asked …)