Unit 6 Grammar: Modal Verbs and their Equivalents.
S
tudy
the following grammar rule.
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Present |
Past |
Future |
Meaning |
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I (he, she, they, we, you) can translate this text.
I am able to translate this text. He (she, it) is able to translate this text. You (we, they) are able to translate this text. |
I (he, she, they, we, you) could translate this text.
I (he, she, it) was able to translate this text. You (we, they) were able to translate this text. |
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I (we) shall be able to translate this text. You (he, she, it, they) will be able to translate this text. |
Дозвіл, прохання, можливість, неможливість, вміння, припущення. |
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I (he, she, they, we, you) must translate this text.
I (we, they) have to translate this text. He (she, it) has to translate this text.
I am to translate this text. He (she, it) is to translate this text. You (we, they) are to translate this text.. |
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I (he, she, they, we, you) had to translate this text.
I (he, she, it) was to translate this text. You (we, they) were to translate this text. |
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I (we) shall have to translate this text. You (he, she, it, they) will have to translate this text.
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Обов’язок, заборона.
Обставини.
Запрограмо-ваність. |
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I (he, she, they, we, you) may translate this text.
I am allowed to translate this text. He (she, it) is allowed to translate this text. You (we, they) are allowed to translate this text. |
I (he, she, they, we, you) might translate this text.
I (he, she, it) was allowed to translate this text. You (we, they) were allowed to translate this text. |
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I (we) shall be allowed to translate this text. You (he, she, it, they) will be qallowed to translate this text. |
Дозвіл, шанс, можливість у майбутньому. |
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Вживання модальних глаголів must, can, may з Perfect Infinitive.
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Ex. 1. Study the following words and remember them.
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sample ['sa:mpl], microscope ['maikrqskqup], lenses ['lenziz], permit [pq'mit], naked eye ['neikid ai], qualitative ['kwOliteitiv], metric ['metrik], millimetre ['mili"mi:tq], micron ['maikrOn], kilogram ['kilqugræm], between [bi'twi:n], balance ['bælqns], calorimeter ["kælq'rimitq], thermometer [q'mOmitq], cylinder ['silindq], burette [bjuq'ret], pipette [pi'pet], volumetric ["vOlju'metrik], barometer [bq'rOmitq], polarimeter ["pqulq'rimitq], refractometer [rifræk'tOmitq]. |
Ex. 2. Read the following word combinations.
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Burettes for the measurements [bjuq'rets fL ðq 'meZqmqnts], extremely short [iks'tri:mli 'SLt], unit of mass ['ju:nit qv 'mæs], quantitative relationship [´kwOntiteitiv ri'leiSqnSip], measuring devices ['mеZqriŋ di'vaisiz], graduated cylinder ['grædjueitid 'silindq] |
Ex. 3. Read the following fluently.
1. We studied the measurements in chemistry. 2. This is the one type of measurement. 3. The microscope is an instrument for making very small objects look larger. 4. The fundamental unit of the metric system is the metre.
Ex. 4. Fill in the blanks with "to have to", "to be to", "must" according to the sense.
1. The experiment ... take place on Monday, I think everything is ready. 2. They ... examine this sample under a very powerful microscope as it is very small: 3. I am very tired, I ... have a rest. 4. Our meeting ... take place after our last lecture. 5. You .. . work hard if you want to finish this work. 6. I .... go to the reading-room as I have no books at home. 7. He ... wait for two hours as his train has just left. 8. All the students of our Institute ... carry out a number of experiments in analytical laboratory.
Ex. 5. Fill in the blanks with "can", "could", "to be able to".
1. If you come earlier I ... help you. 2. This solution ... be evaporated now. 3. Yesterday he ... finish his experiment, I think he ... do it today. 4. As he was very busy he ... attend the lecture.
Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Він може розрахувати проект до вечора, але я не впевнений. 2. Я впевнений, що він може провести експеримент. 3. Можна мені взяти вашу книгу? – Ні, не можна, я зараз її читаю. 4. Тобі не потрібно братися за це. 5. Сьогодні у мене багато роботи, я можу зробити це лише завтра. 6. Він може полагодити цей прилад. 7. Мені потрібно використовувати цю суміш у моєму досліді? – Ні, не потрібно. 8. Обережно, ти можеш обпектися. Ця речовина дуже їдка. А її можна змішувати з іншою речовиною? – Ні, не можна. 9. Вона не знає техніки безпеки при роботі у лабораторії, але її можна навчити.
Ex. 7. Listen and react.
Model: Sp.: Oleg may take some barium. (uranium).
St.: Can he take some uranium?
1. Oleg may take some pure argon. (carbon). 2. Oleg may keep organic salts in this box. (inorganic salts). 3. Oleg may keep arsenic in this drawer. (chalk). 4. Ann may test the sample of tin. (the sample of fluorescent oil). 5. Ann may give them a number of funnels. (some tubes). 6. Pete may give us a number of new test-samples. (some old test-samples). 7. Pete may get some vessels for distilled water. (vessels for oil). 8. Ann may read Ukrainian articles on chemistry. (English).
Ex. 8. Say that the analyst needn’t do the following.
Model: Sp.: Must the analyst keep the oil in the bottle?
St.: No, he needn’t
1. Must the analyst ask for the permission to the test these samples? 2. Must he ask for the permission to keep the chemicals in this drawer? 3. Must he explain to them the difference in use between organic salts and inorganic salts? 4. Must he explain to us the difference in use between oil and gas? 5. Must he give them a number of new test-samples? 6. Must he get some vessels for distilled water? 7. Must he explain the difference in use between argon and carbon?
Ex. 9. Say that the analyst must do the following.
Model: Sp.: to explain the difference in use between argon and carbon.
St.: The analyst must explain the difference in use between argon and carbon.
To explain the difference in use between these apparatuses; to explain the difference in use between these chemicals; to understand the test well; to ask for the permission to keep the chemicals in the laboratory; to understand the difference in use between organic and inorganic salts; to test these samples quickly; to give them the necessary vessels; to keep the chemicals in the boxes.
Ex. 10. Finish the following sentences
1. She must be at the lab now, as … 2. He may not know the exact data as … 3. I can’t read this book as … 4. He may help me to make this experiment as …
Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
Note: since → так як, оскільки;
з, з тих пір, як, з часів
1. Since we know all the properties of the substance, we can use it in our experiment. 2. Many interesting investigations have been done since the foundation of this research laboratory at our plant. 3. Helium belongs to the same group as argon since it does not combine with other elements. 4. I have not carried out any experiments in the laboratory since I graduated from the Institute. 5. We couldn't finish our work since we had no necessary devices. 6. Since the kinetics of the reaction was studied at room temperature, the results were good. 7. This element has been known since the 19th century.
Ex. 12. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of the word "order":
1. D. I. Mendeleyev arranged the elements in the order of increasing atomic weights. 2. In order to be used in a chemical laboratory natural water must be purified. 3. The order was announced at the meeting. 4. In order to dissolve this substance one must heat it. 5. The students must put everything in order when they finish their work. 6. In order to study "the relationship between microstructural and mechanical properties of the gel, it is very important to use pure stable gels.
Ex. 13. Give the Ukrainian equivalents of the following words:
close relationship, exact measurement, quantitative analysis, necessary method, the order of arrangement.