1.6. Advice. Criticism table 6

FORM

EXAMPLE

TRANSLATION

SHOULD / OUGHT TO /

COULD + V

We use these verbs to say that it is the best thing to do; I advise you to.

1. You should stop smoking.

1. Тобі слід кинути палити.

"Ought to" is sometimes used for advice based on laws, rules or generally accepted ideas

2. We ought to treat animals kindly.

2. Ми повинні доброзичливо ставитись до тварин.

"Had better" ( it's a good idea, advice for a specific situation, sometimes is used for a warning)

3. You had better call your parents. They will worry.

3. Краще б ти зателефонував батькам. Вони будуть турбуватися.

"Could + V" is used for friendly advice.

4. You could call her.

4. Ти б міг зателефонувати їй.

CRITICISM

(saying what the best thing to do in the past was)

COULD / SHOULD /MIGHT

OUGHT TO + HAVE V 3

(the action was undesirable)

1. You should have locked the car ( but you didn't).

1. Тобі слід було закрити машину.

MUST / HAVE TO / HAVE GOT TO / BE TO / OUGHT TO/ SHOULD/NEEDS…

We use "must" only in the present and future when the speaker decides to do something.

1. I must lose some weight (she say so).

1. Мені необхідно схуднути.

"Have to" is used when the necessity comes from outside the speaker or when others decide for him.

2. She has to lose some weight ( the doctor says so).

2. Їй необхідно скинути вагу.

"Have got to" is more informal and is used for obligation on a single occasion.

3. I've got to call her. She will be worried.

3. Мені необхідно їй зателефонувати. Вона буде турбуватися.

"To be (am, is, are) + to V" This verb means obligation resulting from the previous arrangement.

4. We are to meet at six.

4. Ми маємо зустрітися о шостій.

"Ought to", "should". These verbs mean duty, it's the right thing to do but people don't always do it.

5. We ought to respect the environment. (but we don't always do it).

5. Ми повинні піклуватися про оточуюче середовище.

NEEDS + V ing / NEEDS TO BE V 3

The meaning is "it's necessary".

6. Your hair needs cutting (to be cut).

6. Тобі слід постригтися.

OBLIGATION – NECESSITY

(in the past)

FORM

EXAMPLE

TRANSLATION

HAD TO / WAS TO / WAS TO HAVE V3

"Had to" is generally used to denote the action which was realized in the past as a result of obligation or necessity.

1. I had to sell my car. (It was necessary for me because I needed money).

1. Я мусив продати машину.

"Was to" is used to denote the action which is not realized and the question remains open as to whether it is going to take place or not.

2. We were to meet him at the station. ( It's not clear from the sentence if the action took place).

2. Ми мали зустрітися з ним на вокзалі (не зрозуміло, чи вони зустрілися).

"Was to have + V3" is used if the speaker wishes to make it clear that the plan was not fulfilled.

3. We were to have met him at the station.(but we failed to meet him)

3. Ми мали зустрітися з ним на вокзалі ( але він не прийшов).