II. Conditionals and wish-sentences part 1. Grammar theory

1.1. Conditionals

Conditional sentences are used to show how one action depends on the other. There are four main types of conditional sentences: Real Present, Unreal Present, Unreal Past, and Mixed. Each type has a distinctive pattern of verb tense, and its own meaning. There are different ways of introducing conditions: an if-clause, unless, in case, as long as, provided (that), providing, suppose, etc. An if-clause can come at the beginning or end of a sentence. When it comes first, it is separated by a comma.

1.1.1. Real present

This type of sentence is used to express real or very probable situation in the present or future.

TABLE 10

STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
If-clause Main clause V(s) if S1 V(s) + S2 will V can/may/must V	1. If it rains, we never go to the country. Ми ніколи не іздимо в село, якщо йде дощ. 2. If she comes late, we'll miss the bus. Ми пропустимо автобус, якщо вона запізниться. 3. If you see Jane, can you tell her my story? Не міг би ти розповісти їй мою історію, якщо побачиш Джейн?
If S1 V (s) + V (don't V)	4. Unless you can afford it, don't buy it. Якщо не можеш дозволити собі це, не купуй.

EXERCISE 1. MATCH THE PARTS OF THE SENTENCES.

1. If Kate goes on a diet A. we'll make a snowman

2. If it is sunny tomorrow B. I'll buy her some chocolate

3. If you don't hurry C. we'll have to take a taxi

4. If it snows D. she'll lose weight

5. If there are no buses E. you'll be late

6. If Kate is a good girl F. we'll go to the seaside

EXERCISE 2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE WORDS IN PARENTHESES.

1. If I (go) ……… to the Crimea, I (stay, usually) ……… with my aunt and uncle. 2. If I (go) ……… to the Crimea next month, I (stay) ……… with my aunt and uncle. 3. If I (go) ……… to work today, I (speak to) ……… the boss. 4. If I (go) ……… to work, I (speak to, usually) ……… my boss. 5. I'm often tired in the evening after a long day of work. If I (be) ……… tired in the evening, I (stay, usually) ……… home and (go) ……… to bed early. 6. If I'm tired in the evening today, I (stay) ……… home and (go) ……… to bed early. 7. We (go) ……… swimming tomorrow if the weather (be) ……… warm. 8. My friends and I like to go swimming if the weather (be) ……… warm. 9. (Buy) ……… some stamps in case you (go) ……… to the post office in the afternoon. 10. (Not to drink) ……… the milk if it is hot.

EXERCISE 3. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH YOUR OWN WORDS.

I may ……… if I you ……… Jane must ……… if she ……… Can you ……… if ……… Tom will ……… if he ……… If you ………, don't ……… If Jerry ……… Tom, he ……… If Tom ……… Jerry, he ……… Don't ……… if you ………

1.1.2. Unreal present

This type of sentence is used to express improbable situation in the present or future; it is also is used to give advice.