Short forms used in the book

BASE FORM

(V)

PAST FORM

(V2)

PAST PARTICIPLE

(V3)

BASE FORM

(V)

PAST FORM

(V2)

PAST PARTICIPLE

(V3)

be

was/were

been

lay

laid

laid

bear

bore

born/borne

lead

led

led

beat

beat

beaten

leave

left

left

become

became

become

lend

loaned/lent

loaned/lent

begin

began

begun

let

let

let

bend

bent

bent

lie

lay

lain

bet

bet

bet

light

lit

lit

bid

bid

bid

lose

lost

lost

bind

bound

bound

make

made

made

buy

bought

bought

mean

meant

meant

bite

bit

bitten

mistake

mistook

mistaken

bleed

bled

bled

overcome

overcame

overcome

blow

blew

blown

overtake

overtook

overtaken

break

broke

broken

overthrow

overthrew

overthrown

breed

bred

bred

pay

paid

paid

bring

brought

brought

plead

pled/pleaded

pled/pleaded

broadcast

broadcast

broadcast

prove

proved

proven/proved

build

built

built

put

put

put

burst

burst

burst

read

read

read

cast

cast

cast

ring

rang

rung

catch

caught

caught

rise

rose

risen

choose

chose

chosen

run

ran

run

cling

clung

clung

say

said

said

come

came

come

see

saw

seen

cost

cost

cost

seek

sought

sought

creep

crept

crept

sell

sold

sold

cut

cut

cut

send

sent

sent

deal

dealt

dealt

set

set

set

dig

dug

dug

sew

sewed

sewn

dive

dove/dived

dove/dived

shake

shook

shaken

do

did

done

shed

shed

shed

draw

drew

drawn

shine

shone/shined

shone

drink

drank

drunk

shoot

shot

shot

drive

drove

driven

show

showed

shown

eat

ate

eaten

shrink

shrank

shrunk

fall

fell

fallen

shut

shut

shut

feed

fed

fed

sing

sang

sung

feel

felt

felt

sink

sank

sunk

fight

fought

fought

sit

sat

sat

find

found

found

sleep

slept

slept

fit

fit

fit

slide

slid

slid

flee

fled

fled

slit

slit

slit

fly

flew

flown

speak

spoke

spoken

forbid

forbade

forbidden

speed

sped

sped

forget

forgot

forgotten

spend

spent

spent

forgive

forgave

forgiven

spin

spun

spun

freeze

froze

frozen

spit

spit

spit

get

got

got/gotten

split

split

split

give

gave

given

spread

spread

spread

go

went

gone

spring

sprang

sprung

grind

ground

ground

stand

stood

stood

grow

grew

grown

steal

stole

stolen

hang

hung

hung

stick

stuck

stuck

have

had

had

sting

stung

stung

hear

heard

heard

stink

stank

stunk

hide

hid

hidden

strike

struck

struck

hit

hit

hit

strive

strove

striven

hold

held

held

swear

swore

sworn

hurt

hurt

hurt

sweep

swept

swept

keep

kept

kept

swell

swelled

swollen

know

knew

known