Чучкина Инноватион течнологиес 2011

1.facility – средства обслуживания, оборудование facilitate − упрощать

2.feature – характерная черта future – будущее

3.latest − самый последний (о новостях)

the latter – последний из перечисленных двух выше last − последний (в ряду)

later − позднее, позже

4.analog(ue) − аналоговый analogy − аналогия

6.Practise the pronunciation of the following words from Reading

6A.

www ['dΛbl ju:- 'dΛbl ju:- 'dΛ bl ju:-], refer [ri'fə:], browser ['brausə], hyperlinks ['haipəliŋks], URL [ju: a: el]= Uniform ['ju:nifo:m], Resource[ri'so:s], Locator [lou'keitə], forward ['fo:wəd], slashes [s'læ∫i:z], hypertext ['haipətekst], transfer ['trænsfə:], protocol ['proutəkol], HTML [eit∫ ti: em el], nodes [noudz], route [ru:t], request [rik'west], packet ['pækit], facility [fə'siliti], engine ['end3in], database ['deitəbeiz], keywords['ki:wə:dz], relevant ['relivənt], phrases ['freiziz], quotation [kwou'tei∫n], logical ['lod3ikl], wildcard ['waildka:d], character ['kæriktə], asterisk ['æsterisk], download ['daunloud],view [vju:], bandwidth ['bændwidθ], storage ['sto:rid3], buffer ['bΛfə], temporarily ['tempərərili], storing ['sto:riŋ ], streaming ['stri:miŋ], unique [ju:'nik], binary ['bainəri].

7.Study email and website addresses.

@is said ’at’

. is said ‘dot’

_ is said ’underscore’

/is said ‘forward slash’

a) Now, listen to these email and website addresses and repeat

(Track 28 " Innovations "Intermediate Unit 9 )

1.bill.macdonald@amac.com

2.www.soccernet.com

3.tigerlilly17_08@wowser.com

− 71 −

4.pete_smith@shotmail.com

5.reo@sb4-so-net.ne.jp

6.www.intosomethin.com/barracuda

b) Now listen and write down the addresses you hear:

1.

2.

3.

4.

III. Reading 6A

The World Wide Web

1. Before reading the text answer the question

What is the difference between Internet and WWW?

Upon reading the text check your answer.

Introduction

The World Wide Web (commonly referred to as WWW or the Web) is a service on the Internet. It consists of sets of linked documents known as webpages which can be viewed using a program called a browser. The links on a webpage (called hyperlinks) contain the Web address of the webpage that will be displayed if the user clicks on the link.

The Web address of a webpage is also known as a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) e.g. http://www.hw.ac.uk/libWWW/irn/irn.html. The URL consists of a number of separate parts divided by forward slashes

(/). Later we discuss this example.

When a user clicks on a hyperlink on a webpage, the browser program contacts a server computer known as a DNS (Domain Name System) server to look up the IP (Internet Protocol)) address (the unique 32bit binary number) of the remote Web server computer (the computer storing the webpages) given in the URL of the linked webpage. The DNS has a stored table of names and addresses of nodes (a network terminal or point where a computer is connected to a network) on the Internet. The request for the linked webpage is then sent to a computer or electronic device known as a router that uses the Internet address ob-

− 72 −

tained from the DNS server to route the request (decide on the best Internet path to send the request).

The message requesting the webpage is divided up into small sections called packets and each separate data packet is passed from router to router until they all reach the remote Web server where they are put back together again. The remote Web server sends the requested webpage back to the browser computer that made the request in a similar way using the IP address of the browser computer to determine the best available route for each packet. When the packets arrive at the browser computer, they are combined and the requested webpage is displayed in the browser.

Special websites provide a facility known as a search engine that can be used to search for other websites. A search engine uses special programs to collect information about websites on the World Wide Web and stores the information in a database (a type of applications program used for storing information so that it can be easily searched and sorted). To search using a search engine, the user types words (known as keywords) into a text box. Special symbols known as wildcards can also be used with keywords. For example, an asterisk (*) is often used to represent any combination of characters.

Because a video signal contains so much data, it is difficult to download it from an Internet server (copy it to a client computer from a server computer) in real-time, i.e. so that it can be viewed immediately without any delays or gaps. The connection would need to have a huge bandwidth (signal capacity). One way of doing this with a normal Internet connection involves using a section of memory as a storage buffer (a storage area for temporarily storing data from a fast source so that it can be fed at a steady rate to a slower system). This allows part of the video signal to be downloaded and stored so that the user can begin to view the video before it is completely downloaded. Therefore, as the user is watching the first part of the video, the next part is being downloaded into the storage buffer. This method of downloading video signal using a storage buffer to obtain a steady display is known as streaming.

(From “IT Technology”. Cambridge, 2009)

2. Find equivalents for the following phrases.

Всемирная паутина или сеть; обычно называется; услуга в Интернете; гиперссылка; кликните на; унифицировать указатель ин-

− 73 −

формационного ресурса; сервис разрешения имен домена; посмотреть в; запрос затем посылается; сохраненные таблицы имен и адреса узлов; известный как маршрутизатор; пакет данных; направить запрос; отсылаются назад; запрошенная веб страница отображается на браузере; устройство; механизм (алгоритм) поиска; тип прикладных программ; пользователь печатает слова; групповой символ, заменяющий один или несколько символов; так как видеосигнал содержит; то есть; без задержек; широкая полоса частот; временное хранение данных; подаваться с постоянной скоростью; скачать и сохранить; этот метод называется непрерывным скачиванием.

3.Read the passage a second time and answer the following ques-

tions.

1.What is WWW?

2.What does it consist of?

3.What is DNS?

4.What is a search engine?

5.How does it work?

6.Why is it difficult to download a video signal?

7.What is streaming?

4.In Reading 6A we had the Web address of a webpage: http://www.hw.ac.uk/libWWW/irn/itn.html.

This example indicates the following:

http:// is known as the protocol prefix and indicates that the hypertext transfer protocol (an agreed communications standard for webpages) should be used to transfer the webpage across the Internet.

www indicates that this is a World Wide Web document i.e. a webpage.

hw.ac.uk is the domain name and indicates the network domain in which the webpage is stored.

ac is the domain name extension and indicates the type of domain e.g. ac or edu is an educational domain, co or com is a company.

uk is the country code indicating that this webpage is stored on a computer in the United Kingdom.

− 74 −

libWWW/irn gives the path of the directory (or folder) where the webpage is stored on the server.

irn.html is the name of the webpage file. The extension used in webpage filename is either htm or html to indicate that the file is written using HTML (hypertext markup language).

IV. Class Exercises

1.Translate the sentences from English into Russian. Pay attention to the use of Gerund.

1.A wired network is seen as more secure as any malicious users will only be able to get into your systems through your external internet connection or by connecting a wire directly to your router, switch or hub. Even then this problem can be contained through the firewalls, sophisticated routers or in the later case by not letting strangers into your house who are trying to run a network cable to their machine.

2.Another aspect of having wires is that each machine must have the wires hidden from it to the router or hub.

3.In doing this a WEP key keeps data encrypted.

4.With thick floors and walls your signals can become distorted or even wiped out causing problems in transmitting and receiving information.

V. Reading 6B

1. Read the text. Use a dictionary if necessary but note that it is not essential to understand every word.

The World Wide Web

Until the appearance of the World Wide Web (WWW), the Internet was mainly used by people who had some computer expertise. File transfer protocol (FTP) was the standard method by which data could be stored on or removed from the server, and *if a document that had been transmitted had references to other documents then it was not straightforward to access them. In other words, FTP does not link separate documents together.

In 1992, Tim Berners-Lee, working at Europe's high-energy physics research center in Switzerland, wrote the first browser program which

− 75 −

used a protocol called hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). This operates as follows. When a client requests a Web server to send a document, the request is sent using HTTP. The Web server finds the document in its memory and transmits it along with extra information. *It is this extra information that distinguishes a Web server from an Internet server. An extra information transmitted is composed of two parts: control codes using HTML and links to other documents.

*A browser is a program, stored in the client's computer, that is able to read hypertext. While the Internet is the huge collection of computer networks and databases connected by backbone cable and optic fibre, the WWW is essentially a browsing and searching system. *It allows users with virtually no expertise to access the information stored at certain sites on the Internet.

("Academic Vocabulary in use" Cambridge)

2.Now, answer the questions.

a.Can people with almost no experience use the web?

b.What does the browser do to transmit the document?

c.Is the Internet mostly used by expert now as it used to be?

3.From the memory if you can, fill in the missing prepositions.

1.Until the appearance ______ the World Wide Web

2.method ______ which data could be stored

3.data could be stored ____ or removed _____ the server

4.references ____ other documents

5.server finds the document and transmits it ____extra information.

6.information is composed _____ two parts

5.Translate the sentences with a star into Russian.

a.Business English

Netiquette

Read the following and learn how to write business e-mails:

Netiquette is often a hard thing to judge: You’re sitting at your computer tired of staring at the screen, thinking of what to have for lunch or where to go for drinks tonight, but you still have to sound professional when writing e-mails. Oh, what a chore! Well we thought we’d give you a hand with it. We’re nice like that!

− 76 −

4.Finally, engineers must recognize that a cybersecurity system depends on understanding the safety of the whole system, not merely protecting its individual parts.

5.Among other things that means considering the psychology of computer users – if security systems are burdensome, people may avoid using them.

6.Personal privacy and national security in the 21st century both de-

pend on protecting a set of systems that didn’t even exist until late in the 20th – the electronic web of information-sharing known as cyberspace.

2. Translate the following text from Russian into English.

История собаки

Карен Чанг из Тайваньского национального университета нашла исторические корни загадочного символа на компьютерной клавиатуре – @ ( или по-русски "собака"). Об этом знаке упоминается в культурах самых разных народов задолго до начала компьютерной эры. В 1971 году программист Рей Томлинсон создал первую программу электронной почты для Арпанет (она превратилась в Интернет) и выбрал из всех знаков один − @.

В Греции этот знак именуется "уточка", в Германии "паукообразная обезьяна", в других странах "червяк","поросячий хвостик", "булочка с корицей".

На самом деле @ – понятие скорее математическое, он использовался как краткое обозначение выражения "в размере", "по курсу". Эти определения являются наиболее близкими к подлинному значению слова '' собака''.

IX. Brain Benders

Switch it

How can you correct the following equation without making a mark?

XI + I = X

− 78 −

Unit 7

I. Grammar.

Words and expressions to be used with the Gerund

1.It’s no use }

It's useless } wasting time.

Бесполезно тратить время.

2.It’s no good }

It's worth (while)} testing the device again.

Не стоит Стоит проверить прибор.

3.We can’t help asking one more questions.

Мы не можем не задать…

4.succeed in – удаваться, преуспеть

prevent smb from – помешать кому-либо что-то сделать insist on/ upon – настаивать на ч-л

object to – возражать

E.g. The failure of the device prevented us from completing the experiment.

… помешала нам завершить

5.idea of

method of + Gerund advantage of possibility of

This design has the advantage of being reliable.

Преимущество этой конструкции в ее надежности.

6.because of due to instead of in spite of

with the view to

with the object of + Gerund for the purpose of

apart from besides

They used quite a new method for the purpose of speeding the

process.

− 79 −