Чучкина Инноватион течнологиес 2011

2.Speak on different kinds of reactors. Use the information from the

table.

3.How to read per cent

The stress is on the cent of per cent: ten perCENT.

0.5% = a half of one per cent

0.25 = a quarter of a percentage point

Now say the following:

1.What is 30% of 260?

2.They have put the rate up by another 0.5%.

3.0.73% won’tmake a lot of difference.

VI. Reading 2C

1. Read the text. Be ready to speak on this type of the reactor using the diagram.

Pressurized Water Reactor

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Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)

This is the most common type, with over 230 in use for power generation and a further several hundred in naval propulsion. The design originated as a submarine power plant. It uses ordinary water as both coolant and moderator. The design is distinguished by having a primary cooling circuit which flows through the core of the reactor under very high pressure, and a secondary circuit in which steam is generated to drive the turbine.

A PWR has fuel assemblies of 200−300 rods each, arranged vertically in the core, and a large reactor would have about 150−250 fuel assemblies with 80−100 tonnes of uranium.

Water in the reactor core reaches about 325 °C, hence it must be kept under about 150 times atmospheric pressure to prevent it boiling. Pressure is maintained by steam in a pressuriser (see diagram). In the primary cooling circuit the water is also the moderator, and if any of it turned to steam the fission reaction would slow down. This negative feedback effect is one of the safety features of the type. The secondary shutdown system involves adding boron to the primary circuit.

The secondary circuit is under less pressure and the water here boils in the heat exchangers which are thus steam generators. The steam drives the turbine to produce electricity, and is then condensed and returned to the heat exchangers in contact with the primary circuit.

VII. Reading 2 D

Ex.1. Before reading the text speak on

the difference between these two types of reactors PWR and BWR, if any.

Upon reading the text check your answer.

Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

This design has many similarities to the PWR, except that there is only a single circuit in which the water is at lower pressure (about 75 times atmospheric pressure) so that it boils in the core at about 285 °C. The reactor is designed to operate with 12−15% of the water in the top part of the core as steam, and hence with less moderating effect and thus efficiency there.

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The steam passes through drier plates (steam separators) above the core and then directly to the turbines, which are thus part of the reactor circuit. Since the water around the core of a reactor is always contaminated with traces of radionuclides, it means that the turbine must be shielded and radiological protection provided during maintenance. The cost of this tends to balance the savings due to the simpler design. Most of the radioactivity in the water is very short-lived*, so the turbine hall can be entered soon after the reactor is shut down.

* mostly N-16, with a 7 second half-life

A BWR fuel assembly comprises 90−100 fuel rods, and there are up to 750 assemblies in a reactor core, holding up to 140 tonnes of uranium. The secondary control system involves restricting water flow through the core so that steam in the top part means moderation is reduced.

VIII. Brain Benders

Here is another problem to be solved. It is easier than it looks.

Crossing lines

Imagine three horizontal lines an inch apart and parallel in a vertical plane. Now imagine three vertical lines, also an inch apart and in that same plane, cutting through the horisontal lines. How many squares have you formed? (Solve this without using a pencil and paper)

IX. Home-Exercises (to be done in writing)

1. Translate the following abstract from English into Russian.

Advanced Reactors

Several generations of reactors are commonly distinguished. Generation I reactors were developed in 1950-60s and very few are still running today. They mostly used natural uranium fuel and used graphite as moderator. Generation II reactors are typified by the present US fleet and most in operation elsewhere. They typically use enriched uranium fuel and are mostly cooled and moderated by water. Generation III are the Advanced Reactors, the first few of which are in operation in Japan

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and others are under construction and ready to be ordered. They are developments of the second generation with enhanced safety.

Generation IV designs are still on the drawing board and will not be operational before 2020 at the earliest, probably later. They will tend to have closed fuel cycles and burn the long-lived actinides now forming part of spent fuel, so that fission products are the only high-level waste. Many will be fast neutron reactors.

2. Translate the following passage from Russian into English.

Выбросы углерода

Первая причина вытекает из твердой позиции, которую заняла Европа в рамках усилий на глобальном уровне, направленных на ограничение выбросов парниковых газов и снижение риска изменения климата.

Атомные энергоустановки практически не образуют парниковых газов. В полном цикле производства электричества с использованием атомной энергии, начиная от добычи урана и кончая захоронением отходов и включая строительство реактора и всего сооружения, в расчете на киловатт-час выбрасывается 2−6 г углерода. Эта величина близка к значениям, соответствующим солнечной и ветровой энергии, и на два порядка ниже, чем для угля, нефти и даже природного газа.

Unit 3

I.Grammar Review: The Complex Object with the Infinitive

Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом.

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3.They believe this idea to be actually “brought to market”, used and put into practice.

4.They consider innovation to be a major driver of the economy, the factors that lead to innovation are also considered to be critical to policy makers.

5.Our scientists assume innovation typically to involve risk.

6.We assume there to be different kinds of innovations.

7.My scientific adviser made me give a talk on innovation.

2. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1.Ученые считают, что уже сегодня формируется новый тип медицины – наномедицина, которая позволит лечить организм на уровне клеток.

2.Мы считаем, что данные явления представляют интерес.

3.Инженер заставил нас провести эксперимент еще раз.

4.Мы ожидаем, что проект будет обсуждаться на следующей неделе.

5.Преподаватель хотел, чтобы студенты перевели этот текст без словаря.

3. Word-building. Read and translate the following words.

1.adj. + ly = (adv.) Fortunately, unfortunately, completely, recently, effectively, successfully

But: fast car – to drive fast, hard work – to work hard; I can hardly speak about it.

2.arch- [a:t∫] (chief, main, highest ranking): archrival, archbishop, archlived his wife by ten years.

3.out- (more, better etc. than): She is the best dancer. She outshone the others.

4.mal- (bad, wrongly): malfunction in the fuel system, maladjusted boy, malodorous rooms.

5.pseudo- ['sju:dou]- (false, not real): This book is just pseudointellectual rubbish; pseudoscientific language.

4.Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases.

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4. Words to learn. Pay attention to the active vocabulary of Reading 3 A.

1.to be interested in – интересоваться ч-л to be interesting

This book is very interesting.

I am interested in physics and mathematics as well as English.

2.to refer to − ссылаться на, называться

He referred to the innovation technology in this paper. reference – ссылка

References to the improvement of the work of the device are made reqularly.

3.both … and … − как… так и…

Both – оба, обе

a)You should compare both schemes presented below.

b)The term innovation may refer to both radical and incremental changes to products, processes etc.

whether − ли

a)There are doubts about whether the system is safe..

b)And in this view, innovation applies whether the act generates positive or negative results.

To adapt – приспосабливать, применять, адаптировать

Incremental innovation – where something is adapted or modified

To adopt − принимать, заимствовать

The girl was adopted by the Browns when she was 7 years old. The law was unanimously adopted.

5. Practise the pronunciation of the following words from Reading 3A.

Innovation [, inou'vei∫n], process ['prousəs] n., source [so:s], attitude ['ætitjud], value ['vælju], succession [sək'se∫n], product ['prodəkt], frequently ['frikwəntli], aspect ['æspekt], knowledge ['nolid3], face [feis] v., facing ['feisiŋ], overwhelming [ ,ouvə'welmiŋ], challenge ['t∫ælind3], component [kəm'pounənt], impact ['impækt], distructive [dis'trΛktiv], suffice [sə'fais], facilitate[fə'siliteit], facility [fə'siliti], occur [ə'kə:], succeed [sək'si:d], rigorously ['rigərəsli], commerce ['komə:s], heritage ['heritid3], introduce [, intrə'dju:s], introduction [, intrə'dΛk∫n], device

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[, ikə'nomiks], government ['gΛvnmənt], policy ['polisi], substantially [sΛb'stæn∫əli], insignificant [ , insig'nifikənt], services ['sə:visiz], sociology [, sousi'oləd3i], engineering [, end3i’niəriŋ], major ['meid3ə], policy ['polisi], adapted [ə'dæptid], incremental [, inkri'mentl], transfer ['trænsfə:] (n), issue ['isju], typically ['tipikəli], conceptualizing [kən'septuəlaiziŋ], whether ['weðə], creativity [kriə'tiviti], creation [kri'ei∫n], implement ['implimənt], apply [ə'plai], result [ri'zΛlt1].

III. Reading 3A

What is Innovation?

1. Before reading the text answer the question:

Is there any difference between innovation and invention?

Upon reading the text check your answer.

The classic definitions of innovation include:

1.Many different sources like “The American Heritage Dictionary” consider innovation to be the act of introducing something new.

2.The introduction of something new.

3.A new idea, method or device.

4.The successful exploitation of new idea.

5.The process of making improvements by introducing something

new.

We think the definition of innovation to be “the successful exploitation of new idea.” This implies that it is not just the invention of a new idea that we are interested in, but we believe this idea to be actually “brought to market”, used, put into practice, exploited in some way, maybe leading to new products, processes, systems, attitudes or service that improve something or add value.

In economics, business and government policy, – something new – must be substantially different, not an insignificant change. In economics the change must increase value, customer value, or producer value. Innovations are intended to make someone better off, and the succession of many innovations enable the whole economy to grow.

The term innovation may refer to both radical and incremental changes to products, processes or services. The often unspoken goal of innovation is to solve a problem.

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Innovation is an important topic in the study of economics, business, technology, sociology, and engineering. Since innovation is also considered to be a major driver of the economy, the factors that lead to innovation are also considered to be critical to policy makers.

In our view there are different kinds of innovation. For us the main are:

Incremental innovation – where something is adapted or modified. This may mean that an old idea is transferred to a new setting or that existing ideas are embedding in a new setting.

Radical innovation – which involves completely new ideas. Developing something innovative can be an individual process but

we have frequently seen this is being done by groups of people who may take on different aspects of the process, playing to their individual strengths, knowledge and roles in an organization.

Why is it important?

We consider that innovation is important now because we are facing a number of key challenges. Globalisation, the technological and knowledge revolution, cultural debate and climate change are issues that face us all at some level. They mean that as well as wanting to innovate in order to improve a process or product and add value, we also have to innovate because there is an overwhelming imperative to do so. These issues pose challenges for the private sector, for public services and for governments and policymakers.

All this leads us to consider the innovation to be an essential component of any kind of system that has an impact on education. We focus on innovation in public services to improve the experience of users.

Innovation has been studied in a variety of contexts, including in relation to technology, commerce, social systems, economic development, and policy construction.

While innovation typically adds a value, innovation also has a negative or destructive effect as new developments clear away or change old organizational forms and practices. Organisations that do not innovate effectively may be destroyed by those that do. Hence, innovation typically involves risk. A key challenge in innovation is maintaining a balance between process and product innovations.

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Distinguishing from Invention and other concepts

“An important distinction is normally made between invention and innovation. Invention is the first occurrence of an idea for a new product or process, while innovation is the first attempt to carry it out into practice.”

It is useful when conceptualizing innovation, to consider whether other words suffice. Recent authors point out that invention – the creation of new tools – is often confused with innovation. Change and creativity are also words that may often be substituted for innovation. What, then, is innovation that makes it necessary to have a different word from these others, or is it a catch-all word, a loose synonym? In this view, an innovation is not an innovation until someone successfully implements and makes money on an idea. Innovation occurs when someone uses an invention – or uses existing tools in a new way – to change how the world works, how people organize themselves, and how they conduct their lives.

Note in this view inventions may be concepts, physical devices or any other set of things that facilitate an action. An innovation in this light occurs whether or not the act of innovating succeeds in generating value for its champions. Innovation is distinct from improvement in that it causes society to reorganize. It is distinct from problem solving and is perhaps more rigorously seen as new problem creation. And in this view, innovation applies whether the act generates positive or negative results.

(Compiled from “Innovation” (Wikipedia) and “Report from Department of Trade and Industry.UK.”)

2. Find English equivalents to the following words from Reading 3A.

Улучшать; которая нам интересна; неозвученная цель инновации; кого-то сделать лучше; движущая сила; важный для, новое место (окружение); принимают на себя ответственность (take on); проявляя себя (play upto); сталкиваться с рядом ключевых проблем; наряду с желанием; ставить задачи; важная составляющая часть; оказывать отрицательное или разрушительное влияние на; различие проводится между; возникновение идеи; попытка воплотить ее на практике; часто путают с, часто заменяют слово; всеобъемлю-

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