Чучкина Инноватион течнологиес 2011

e.g.

1.The above law does hold. (... на самом деле справедлив.) 2. Let us now consider what happens when forces do act on it. (... когда силы действительно действуют.)

Ex.1. Translate the following sentences.

1.This field does not affect the forward motion of the elections but does act upon the transverse motion.

2.Copper does not combine with oxygen when cold, but it does do so slowly when heated.

3.Most authorities agree that catalysts do in some manner combine with the substance or substances upon which their catalytic influence is exerted.

4.These molecules are too small to be seen, even with the microscope, but strong experimental evidence seems to show that they do exist.

5.The formation of ozone during the electrolysis of water does not change the weight of the gas collected at the positive pole but it does decrease the volume.

6.Though some substances (e.g. sand) seem to be very nearly insoluble, water does dissolve most things to some extent.

II. Inversion (обратный порядок слов) усиливает второстепенные члены предложения.

NB! Запомните:

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Ex.2. Translate the sentences.

1.Only upon the adsorption of larger amounts was the sensitivity again lowered.

2.No sooner has the current started running in one direction than back it comes again.

3.Perhaps never was the making of an important invention shared by so many people distributed so widely over the world.

4.One lever moves upwards, so does the other one.

5.Carbon dioxide does not burn, nor does it support combustion.

6.The ancients had no knowledge of stellar distances, neither was there then any means by which they could determine them.

III. Эмфатические предложения со словами:

as/ however/ though (although) – как ни/ как бы ни/ какой бы ...

ни/ хотя//

whoever – кто бы ни/ всякий, кто//

whatever – что бы ни/ все, что/ какой бы ни/ всякий, который// wherever – где бы ... ни/ всюду, где/ куда бы ... ни/ всюду, куда// whenever – когда бы/ всякий раз, когда//

however that may be – как бы то ни было//'

Ех. 3. Translate the sentences.

1. Important as this question is in itself, the debate on the subject went beyond its original bounds.

2.Strange as it may seem, sulphur dioxide may act as a reducing agent or as an oxidizing agent.

3.Small though it is, the proportion of natural plutonium is apparently greater than it can be thus accounted for.

4.Whatever these considerations may appear at first glance they are of great practical importance.

5.Whoever the author may have been he should have dwelt on this problem.

IV. Эмфатические сочетания:

It is (was) … that (who/ which/ when) … − именно … it was not until... that — только тогда, когда

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17.She lost her job because of her illness.

18.We stayed at home because of heavy rain.

II. Laboratory Exercises N10

1.Word building. Translate the words into Russian paying attention to different suffixes and prefixes.

1.-ly (adv.): primarily, heavily, essentially, entirely, extremely, widely, most likely, steadily, actually.

2.-tion (n.): interaction, recognition, consideration

3.-ty (n.): majority, casualty, capability, quality, responsibility, ac-

tivity.

2. Words to learn. Read and translate the following word combinations paying attention to the active vocabulary of Reading 10A.

1.face and voice recognition systems

2.a battlefield robotic soldier

3.cute-looking movements

4.simple environmental navigation

5.household robot

6.intelligent navigation pattern

7.humanoid robots

8.time-consuming chores

9.vision system

10.a companion robotic pet

3. Find and study the words with the opposite meaning. Translate them.

1.waste – a. minority 2.quality – b. regress 3.progress – c. constructive 4.majority – d. spend 5.destructive – e. quantity

4. Practise the pronunciation of the following words from Reading 10 A.

Technology [tek'noləd3i], health [helθ], tremendous [tri'mendəs], potential [pou'ten∫əl], enhance [in'ha:ns], quality ['kwo:liti], robotics

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[rou'botiks], industry ['indΛstri], primarily [‘praimərili], essentially [i’sen∫əli], accomplish [ə’kΛmpli∫ ], adequatly [‘ædikwətli], casualty [‘kæ3juəlti], troublesome ['trΛblsəm], dissent [di'sent], technology [tek'noləd3i], intent[ in'tent], approach [ə’prout ∫], convenience [kən’vi:njəns], height [hait], chore [t∫o:], engage [en’geid3], environmental [en‘vaiərənmənt], companion [kəm’pænjən], intelligent [in’telid3ənt].

III. Reading 10 A

Before reading the text answer the questions.

In your opinion,

1.What kinds of robots is Japan focused on?

2.What kinds of robots is the US focused on?

3.Where will the robotic companions be used?

After reading the text check your answers.

The Top Ten Technologies: Practical Robots

by Mike Adams, the Health Ranger, Natural News Editor

Practical robots offer tremendous potential for enhancing the quality of life for humans everywhere. The robotics industry is emerging now, and progress is steady. The world leader in robotics is Japan, which has invested heavily in social robots – robots that interact with people.

The United States, in contrast, is focused primarily on robots that kill people. The vast majority of robotics research in the U.S. is underwritten by military interests. The Pentagon essentially wants to develop a Terminator: a battlefield robotic soldier that can accomplish political or military objectives without resulting in human casualties that cause troublesome dissent back home.

Once again, we see that a promising area of technology can be both constructive and destructive, depending entirely on the intent of its creators. For this section, however, I will focus on the far more peaceful Japanese approach to robots, because this is the area that holds promise for enhancing the lives of human beings.

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Social robots already exist

Early social robots are already on the market: AIBO, Japan's cute robotic dog, is owned by more than fifty thousand people. AIBO offers basic interaction with humans such as face and voice recognition, cutelooking movements, and simple environmental navigation (it can walk around).

In the U.S., the household robot Roomba (developed by a Russian researcher, by the way) sweeps the floors of hundreds of thousands of homes. Roomba is one of the first few practical robots to be widely available, and it is, indeed, rather useful. I own one myself. However, its interactive capabilities are extremely limited. It has no vision system, for example, no voice recognition, and seems to operate more on random walk theory than any sort of intelligent navigation pattern.

The real promise in robotics will come from humanoid robots, most likely from Japan. Honda, Toyota and Sony are all working hard on humanoid robots and have working, walking prototypes right now. Why humanoid? As humans, we've created environments built for humanoid creatures. Our physical environments (cities, houses, stores, etc.) have been constructed for the convenience of people with a certain height, a certain eye level, and a certain stride length. As humanoid robots are developed, the more easily they can navigate our environments the more helpful they can be to humans.

It is the "helpful" category in which humanoid robots offer the greatest promise. At a basic level, these robots promise to free us from physical labor (factory work) and household chores such as doing the dishes, taking out the trash, folding laundry, cooking, etc. This alone, as gimmicky as it may seem, would free people from time-consuming chores. (None of these chores are simple from a robotics point of view, by the way. The technology needed for robots to engage in such tasks is still many years away.)

Such robots would probably never be cheap to build, but they will quickly pay for themselves in terms of reclaimed time for their owners. A professional earning $100,000 per year, for example, might easily waste $25,000 per year worth of her time handling household chores that could be managed by a practical household robot. If the robot costs $50,000, the payoff would be just two years. That's makes a $50,000 robot a reasonable investment for most professionals.

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Robotic companions

Practical robots will no doubt start out as workers or "practical assistants." But this is only the beginning. The next level up, in terms of enhancing the quality of life of humans, is for robots to serve as companions. Are you the parent of an only child? A companion robotic pet or robotic child could teach your child a lot about social interaction, responsibility, friendship, and even help the child learn academic subjects like mathematics, reading, history, literature and science.

Are you a lonely retiree? A robotic companion could add a lot to your life through conversations, games, physical activity, and coaching.

You see, robotic companions won't argue, won't betray you, won't divorce you, won't die, won't fall asleep when you want to talk, and they won't even eat the favorite food out of your refrigerator. As humorous as these points may sound, they are serious considerations for companionship. In time, many humans may choose robot companions over human friends for these (and other) reasons.

Meaningful companionship with robots requires significant leaps in AI, portable power, vision and voice recognition systems, and many other technologies. These technologies are steadily moving forward. In time, robotics engineers will be able to deliver companion robots that do far more than household chores: they will actually add meaning to our lives.

(From Robots and Robotics, 2010)

2. Read the text a second time and find the English equivalents for the following Russian phrases.

Которые взаимодействуют с людьми; огромное большинство; много вкладывать; продиктовано; служить политическим и военным целям; не приводя к людским потерям; и снова; как…так и …; полностью завися от; умная собачка; распознавание лица и голоса; естественноеное движение; простое перемещение в пространстве; упорно работать над; для удобства людей; нет системы (технического) зрения; чедовекоподобные роботы; длина (ширина) шага; являются наиболее общими; ежедневная домашняя работа; освободят людей; отнимающие много времени дела; быстро окупятся; единственный ребенок; одинокий пенсионер; не предаст; не разведется.

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IV. Reading 10B

First steps towards autonomous robot surgeries

1. Before reading the text answer the question:

Can robots someday – without the guidance of the doctors – operate on people?

After reading the text check your answer.

The day may be getting a little closer when robots will perform surgery on patients in dangerous situations or in remote locations, such as on the battlefield or in space, with minimal human guidance.

Engineers at Duke University believe that the results of feasibility studies conducted in their laboratory represent the first concrete steps toward achieving this space age vision of the future. Also, on a more immediate level, the technology developed by the engineers could make certain contemporary medical procedures safer for patients, they said.

For their experiments, the engineers started with a rudimentary tabletop robot whose "eyes" used a novel 3-D ultrasound technology developed in the Duke laboratories. An artificial intelligence program served as the robot's "brain" by taking real-time 3-D information, processing it, and giving the robot specific commands to perform.

" In a number of tasks, the computer was able to direct the robots actions." said Stephen Smith, director of the Duke University and senior member of the research team. "We believe that this is the first proof- of-concept for this approach. Given that we achieved these early results with a rudimentary robot and a basic artificial intelligence program, the technology will advance to the point where robots – without the guidance of a doctor – can someday operate on people."

The results of a series of experiments on the robot system directing catheters inside synthetic blood vessel was published online in the journal IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. A second study demonstrated that the autonomous robot system could successfully perform a simulated needle biopsy.

Advances in ultrasound technology have made these latest experiments possible by generating detailed, 3-D moving images in real-time.

Adding this 3-D capability to more powerful and sophisticated surgical robot already in use at many hospitals could hasten the development of autonomous robots that could perform complex procedures on humans.

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2. Translate the highlighted words into Russian. Try to guess their meaning. In case you can't, use your dictionary to look them up.

V. Home Exercises (to be done in writing)

Ex. 2. Translate the following sentences.

1.Positrons have only a short period of existence after their formation. It is for this reason that the positive electron proved so difficult to detect.

2.Satisfactory as this theory may be in many aspects it is far from being probable.

3.In short, it is. practically impossible to design a machine so specialized that it will have value only with respect to the field of application originally intended. Nor is there any computer which is superior to any other computer with respect to any problem.

4.It can only have been the close chemical similarity of zirconium and hafnium which prevented the isolation of the latter by chemical means at a much earlier date.

5.It is from experiments on solubility of gases in liquids that Dalton appears first to have derived direct evidence in favour of this view.

6.The value of this mass would not be affected by any systematic error common to all observations not even by such an error which varied uniformly with the time. Nor would small errors in the adopted elements of the sun have any effect upon the result.

7.Prominent among the confirmations of Einstein's hypothesis is the work related to the "photoelectric effect".

8.The "quant" theory, useful as it has proved itself does not yet possess the assured position of the atomic theory of matter.

9.Not until after the humanistic movement revived the study of Greek in Western Europe did Greek words begin to enter the English vocabulary in great quantity.

10.The values so estimated were not so high as we now know them to be, nor were they always accepted, but recognition of the polymeric nature of proteins is as old as the peptide theory.

11.Whatever the cause or causes, the symptoms are the following.

12.Not only are perfect crystals an unattainable ideal, but they

would be completely useless for most research studies.

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13.It was Thales who taught the Greek sailors to steer their ships by the Pole Star.

14.Thus it is known that birds do not keep direction by orientating themselves in the earth's magnetic field, neither apparently, does memorizing the route play an essential part.

15.It was Jack Kilby who was awarded Nobel Prize for works of applied character

2. Translate the following passage from English into Russian.

Robots have been a part of research labs and automated factories for quite some time, but now some of them are playing hide-and-seek with scientist Alan Schultz. Teaching this robot named George to find a place to hide and then hunt for a human playmate is a new level of human interaction rarely seen in robot design, according to Schultz.

The breakthrough with George and other pieces of machinery like him are that these machines must take cues from people and behave accordingly – and that may just be the start of a real robot revolution − giving them some humanity.

The nature of robotics is morphing (трансформируется) from advanced software and mechanical gears operating remotely − be it on the planet Mars, the bottom of the ocean, or on automobile assembly lines − to working with and besides people. In fact, some robots may soon be operating on people themselves.

3. Translate the following text from Russian into English

Бытовые роботы

Одним из первых примеров удачной массовой промышленной реализации бытовых роботов стала механическая собачка AIBO корпорации Sony.

В сентябре 2005 в свободную продажу впервые поступили первые человекоподобные роботы «Вакамару» производства фирмы Mitsubishi. Робот стоимостью $15 тыс. способен распознавать лица, понимать некоторые фразы, давать справки, выполнять некоторые секретарские функции, следить за помещением.

Всё большую популярность набирают роботы-уборщики, по своей сути – автоматические пылесосы, способные самостоятельно прибрать в квартире и вернуться на место для подзарядки без участия человека.

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