Чучкина Инноватион течнологиес 2011
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['hobiist], technician [tek'ni∫n], development [di'veləpmənt], throughout [θru:'aut], programming ['prougræmiŋ], characterize ['kæriktəraiz], storage ['sto:rid3], design [di'zain], architectural [ a:ki'tekt∫ərəl], graphics ['græfiks], eventually [i'vent∫uəli], acquire [ə'kwaiə], colour ['kΛlə], comparable ['kompərəbl], compare [kəm'pεə], peripherals [pə'rifərəlz], feature ['fi:t∫ə], explode [ik'sploud], supply [sə'plai], component [kəm'pounənt], knowledge['nolid3], device [di'vais], via [vaiə], browsing ['brauziŋ], faxing ['fæksiŋ], multimedia [‘mΛlti'mi:diə], environment [in'vairənmənt], user-friendlu ['ju:zə frendli], customization ['kΛstəmizei∫n], particular [pə 'ti:kjulə], upgradeability ['Λpgreidə'biliti].
II.Reading 4A
1.Before reading the text try to
describe a Personal Computer using a stylized view of a PC.
Personal Computers
A personal computer (PC) is a computer whose original sales price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals, intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator.
Today a PC may be a desktop computer, a laptop computer or a tablet computer. The most common operating systems are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS and Linux, while the most common microprocessors are the x86 and PowerPC CPUs. Software applications for personal computers include word
processing, spreadsheets, games, and myriad of personal productivity and special-purpose software. Modern personal computers often have high-speed or dial-up connections to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web and a wide range of other resources.
A PC may be a home computer, or may be found in an office, often connected to a local area network. The distinguishing characteristics are that the computer is primarily used, interactively, by one person at a
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time. This is opposite to the batch processing or time-sharing models which allowed large expensive systems to be used by many people, usually at the same time, or large data processing systems which required a full-time staff to operate efficiently.
While early PCs owners usually had to write their own programs to do anything useful with the machines, today’s users have access to a wide range of commercial and free software which is easily installed.
The capabilities of the PC have changed greatly since the introduction of electronic computers. By the early 1970s, people in academic or research institutions had the opportunity for single-person use of a computer system in interactive mode for extended duration, although these systems would still have been too expensive to be owned by a single person. The introduction of the microprocessor, a single chip with all the circuitry that formerly occupied large cabinets, led to the proliferation of personal computers after about 1975. Early personal computers generally called microcomputers, sold often in kit form and in limited volumes, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians. By the late 1970s, mass-market pre-assembled computers allowed a wider range of people to use computers, focusing more on software applications and less on development of the processor hardware.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, home computers were developed for household use, offering personal productivity, programming and games. Somewhat larger and more expensive systems (although still low-cost compared with minicomputers and mainframes) were aimed for office and small business use. Workstations are characterized by high-performance processors and graphics displays, with large local disk storage, networking capability, and running under a multitasking operating system. Workstations are still used for tasks such as computer – aided design, drafting and modeling, computation-intensive scientific and engineering calculations, image processing, architectural modeling, and computer graphics for animation and motion picture effects.
Eventually the market segments lost any technical distinction; business computers acquired color graphics capacity and sound, and home computers and game systems used the same processors and operating systems as office-bound computers. Mass-market computers had graphics and memory comparable to dedicated workstations of a few years before. Even local area networking, originally a way (method) to allow
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business computers to share expensive mass storage and peripherals, became a standard feature of a home computer.
An exploded view
of a personal computer: 1.Monitor.
2. Motherboard;
3. CPU (Microprocessor);
4. Primary storage (RAM);
5. Expansion cards;
6. Power supply;
7. Optical disc drive;
8. Secondary storage (Hard disk);
9. Keyboard;
10. Mouse.
A typical hardware setup of a desktop computer is the following:
•Computer case with power supply
•Motherboard
•Central processing unit (processor)
•Memory card
•Video card
•Hard disk
•Keyboard and mouse
•Monitor
These components can usually be put together with little knowledge, to build a computer. The motherboard is a main part of a computer while it connects all devices together. The memory cards, graphics card and processor, are mounted directly onto the motherboard (the processor in a socket and the memory and graphic cards in expansion slots). The mass storage is connected to it with cables and can be installed in the computer case or in a separate case. Same for keyboard and mouse, except that they are external and connect to the I/O panel on the back of computer. The monitor is also connected to the I/O panel, either through an onboard port on the motherboard, or a port on the graphic card.
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(Compiled from Professional English in Use. IT Technologies. Cambridge, 2009.)
2. Find equivalents for the following phrases
Операционная система the x86 and PowerPC; программное обеспечение для персональных компьютеров; автоматическое соединение с ЭВМ с помощью кодонабирателя; отличительная характеристика; один пользователь за данное время; пакетная обработка данных; модели, работающие в режиме разделения времени; коммерческие и бесплатные программы; слишком дорогие; раньше занимали большие шкафы; распространение ПК; в комплекте программного обеспечения; предварительно-собранные (готовые) компьютеры;
для домашнего использования; по сравнению с; высокоскоростные; многозадачные оперативные системы; автоматизированное проектирование; рисование, составление сводок, таблиц; в конечном итоге; способность; выделенные рабочие станции; локальные сети; первоначально; в разобранном виде; массовая память (запоминающее устройство (сверх) большой мощности).
3. Read the passage a second time and answer the questions.
1.What is a personal computer?
2.What kinds of PC are there in use today?
3.What do software applications include?
4.What are main characteristics of modern PCs?
5.How have the capabilities of the PC changed since the introduction of electronic computers?
6.Where are home computers used?
7.Is it easy to build a computer nowadays?
8.What does 'user-friendliness' mean?
9.Can the end-users upgrade the PC themselves?
10.
4. And now describe a personal computer using an exploded view from Reading 4A.
IV. Class Exercises
1. Fill in the spaces in the following sentences with the word or phrase from Reading 4 A.
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1.A ________computer is an independent personal computer.
2.A PC may be a _________ or may be found in an _________ .
3.A _______ computer also called a notebook is a small personal computer designed for mobility.
4.These________ can usually be put together with little knowledge, to build a ______ .
5.The touch screen of a _______ computer allows the user to operate it with a digital pen ( a stylus) or a fingertip instead of a ________ .
6.Early personal computers are generally called ________ .
2. Translate the following word combinations into Russian according to the model.
a. computer operator – оператор ЭВМ
end user; computer operator; sales price ; computer system; desktop computer; laptop computer; tablet computer; software applications; word processor; home computer; kit form; processor hardware; household use; graphic display; networking capability; image processing; computer graphics; market segment; business computer; game system; mass storage; expansion card.
b. special – purpose software − специализированное П.О. high-speed connection; dial-up connections; local area network; data processing system; full-time staff; time-sharing model; mass market preassembled computers; low-cost system; small business use; highperformance processor; local disk storage; multitasking operating system; computer-aided design; motion picture visual effects; office-bound computers; mass-market computers; optical disk-drive; non-expert user; user-upgradeable PC; top-of = the = line PCs.
3. Give a free translation of the extract given below.
Персональный компьютер
Персональный компьютер – компьютер, который используется одним пользователем, в отличие от большой ЭВМ, у которой может быть большое число пользователей. Разница при этом примерно такая же, как управление своей собственной машиной и езда в автобусе, управляемом водителем. Одно время понятия «персо-
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нальный компьютер» и «домашний компьютер» были синонимами. Позднее термин «персональный компьютер» стал относиться к машинам, используемым в профессиональной деятельности. Во время составления этого словаря термин «домашний компьютер» употребляется главным образом по отношению к машинам, которые предназначены для игр, а «персональный компьютер» – это компьютер, который имеет более серьезное применение, хотя может быть использован и для развлечения.
V.Reading 4B
1.Insert the names of the computers mentioned in the Table below (Ex. 3 p. 57).
1.A _________ computer is an independent personal computer (PC), as opposed to smaller forms of PCs, such as a mobile laptop. Prior to the wide spread of PCs a computer that could fit on a desk was considered remarkably small. Today the phrase usually indicates a particular style of computer case. These computers come in a variety of styles ranging from large vertical tower cases to small form factor models that can be tucked behind an LCD monitor. In this sense, the term __________ refers specifically to a horizontally-oriented case, usually intended to have the display screen placed on top to save space on the desk top. Most modern _________ computers have separate screens and keyboards.
2.A__________ computer or simply _________ also called a notebook computer or sometimes a notebook, is a small personal computer designed for mobility. Usually all of the interface hardware needed to operate the________ , such as parallel and serial ports, graphics card, sound channel, etc., are built into a single unit. Most ________ contain batteries to facilitate operation without a readily available electrical outlet.
One main drawback of the ________ is that, due to the size and configuration of components, relatively little can be done to upgrade the overall computer from its original design. Some devices can be attached externally through ports (including via USB).
2.Match the types of computers mentioned in the table and in text 4B, with their functions.
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Types of Personal Computers and their Functions
a) laptop |
1. most powerful type of desktop, used for graphic design, |
b) desktop |
etc. |
c) workstation |
2. main input device |
|
3.can be held in one hand |
d) notebook |
4. Large portable, lightweight can be rested on user’s lap. |
|
They can have touchpad, can offer USB port for connect- |
|
ing peripherals |
e) handheld |
5. Personal digital assistant, has functions such as lists, |
|
diary, address book. This name refers to a wide variety of |
|
handheld devices, palmtops and pocket PCs. For input you |
|
type at a small keyboard or use a stylus – a special pen |
|
used with a touch screen to draw pictures, etc. |
f) pen-based |
6. Suitable size for sitting on an office desk; is used as a |
|
PC in the home or as a workstation for group work. |
g) PDA |
7. Size of a sheet of notebook paper |
3. What types of the computers do you use?
VI. Reading 4C
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
What makes your home intelligent? What might be used in the future?
Upon reading the text check your answers.
Smart homes not far away
Picture the scenario: it is a Friday night in the middle of winter and you are driving to your holiday home in the mountains for the weekend.* On your way there, you send your second residence a text message which will activate the heating, so the place is nice and warm at the time you arrive. Your main residence, meanwhile, may be vacant,* but you can send it an SMS to turn the lights on and off a few times, giving the impression to potential burglars that someone is there. You can also monitor what is happening inside the house on your mobile phone – cameras inside the house will send real-time images direct to you phone.
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*If disaster strikes, and the washing machine leaks while you are not there, your house is so clever that it will automatically turn off the water at the mains and alert you that a plumber may need calling.
Sounds far-fetched? For one family of four, these are the capabilities their home already has. They are living in an Enco Labs show home outside Barcelona, trying out the company’s smart concept. The manager of Enco Labs says that in as little as two years many of us will be enjoying these features. He explains that smart homes have two main components: an “information network,” which is like a human body’s nervous system in that all devices inside the house are connected to it; and a “brain” which coordinates what is inside the home and connects it to what goes on outside. He says that in the future the house will respond to voice commands.
(Adapted from www.cnn.com)
VII. Brain Benders
Break up an unspaced text:
ENGINEERSINVESTIGATINGMYSTERIOUSSQUEAKINAHOMECOMPUTERFOUNDAFAMILYOFFIELDMICELIVINGINSIDEITSAMAZINGSAIDPHILLWAINEWHORUNSTHECOMPUTERCENTERINPETEBOROUGHTHETHREEMICEWEREHAPPILYRUNNINGAROUNDEVENWHILETHECOMPUTERWASWORKING
VIII. Home Exercises (to be done in writing)
1. Translate the extract into Russian.
There are different types of computer of varying size and power. Among them: a personal computer (PC). It is built for a single user. Desktop computer is of suitable size for sitting on an office desk. Workstation is the most powerful type of desktop, used for graphic design, etc. Portable can be carried around because it can operate with batteries. They include laptop which is large portable and can be rested on user's lap. Notebook has the size of a sheet of notebook paper. Handheld can be held in one hand. Among them: pen-based which operates as main input device and is an electronic pen as well as PDA (personal dig-
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ital assistant) which has functions such as task list, diary, and address book.
2. Translate the extract into English.
Материнская плата
Это – основная плата для компьютерной схемы. Многие компьютеры, за исключением самых дешевых «домашних», используют принцип материнской платы. Это значит, что основная часть микросхем располагается на одной плате, к которой с помощью разъемов подключаются вспомогательные. Посредством подключения дополнительных плат возможности компьютера могут быть значительно расширены, поскольку таким путем можно подключить дополнительную память, дополнительные интерфейсы к периферийным устройствам, устройства связи и т.д.
Unit 5
1. Grammar Review: The Absolute Participle Construction
Независимый причастный оборот
(with) S + Participle, |
S + Predicate. |
Т.к., когда, если … После того как … Теперь, когда …
The subject being interesting, the paper was discussed at the conference.
Так как тема была интересной, доклад обсуждался на конфе-
ренции.
S + Predicate , |
(with) S + Participle. |
…, причем, а, и … , при этом
The paper was discussed at the conference, a lot of well-known scientists participating at the conference.
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Доклад обсуждался на конференции, и многие известные уче-
ные приняли участие в его обсуждении.
1.Translate sentences from English into Russian paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction.
1.Many technical and scientific problems having been solved, the first space flights could be realized.
2.The limit of cold is reached at approximately – 273 degrees Celsius, the temperature being known in physics as an absolute zero.
3.The space pilot carried out the flight program, the spaceship made a soft landing in a predetermined area.
4.Probably the first metals used by men were gold, silver and copper, these metals being found in nature.
5.The nucleus of an ordinary hydrogen atom consists of one proton, with one electron moving around it.
II.Laboratory Work N 5
1.Translate the sentences from English into Russian paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction.
1.The fuel having been exhausted (израсходовано), the engine stopped.
2.Electrons moving through a wire, electrical energy is generated.
3.A magnet is broken into two parts, each part becoming a magnet with its own pair of poles.
4.Several methods are proposed here, photography being the most effective one.
5.An electron leaving the surface, the metal becomes positively charged.
6.The temperature of the conductor being raised, the motion of electrons increases too.
2. Translate sentences from English into Russian paying attention to the use of the Participles in different functions.
1.Insulated the wire may be used as a conductor.
2.While colliding with electrons all three types of rays dislodge them from atoms.
3.According to the data obtained the test was successful.
4.Placed in a strong magnetic field iron becomes magnetized.
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