Чучкина Инноватион течнологиес 2011
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The Use of the Subjunctive Mood
1.В придаточных предложениях после безличных оборотов, выражающих необходимость, желание, вероятность, предположение выполнения действия.
• It is essential/desirable/doubtful that astronomers (should) determine the mass of... Важно (существенно), чтобы астрономы определили массу.
• The laws of mechanics require/suggest/demand/propose/etc. that the distance of each body should be related to...
Законы механики требуют, чтобы расстояние до каждого тела находилось в соответствии с...
2.В дополнительных придаточных цели после слов: that, so that, in order that.
So that this experiment condition (should) be satisfied...
Для того, чтобы это экспериментальное условие было удовлетво-
рено...
Lest the temperature of the reaction (should) drop...
Чтобы температура реакции не упала...
3. В уступительных придаточных предложениях после союзов и союзных слов:
although, though — хотя бы whatever — что бы ни; какой бы ни however — как бы ни; какой бы ни wherever — где бы ни; куда бы ни whenever — когда бы ни
В этих предложениях, кроме форм be, write, should be/write для всех лиц, часто употребляется модальный глагол may be/write, который при переводе обычно опускается.
Whatever the nature of this mechanism be (should/may be), one thing is clear that it underlies all the processes described.
Какой бы ни была природа этого механизма, ясно одно, что он лежит в основе всех описанных процессов.
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Примечание. В уступительных предложениях после союзов even though, even if (хотя бы, даже если бы) употребляются формы were, wrote и had been/written.
Even though/Even if a power interruption were short, it would cause serious damage in some types of memory.
Даже хотя бы/ Даже если бы перерыв в подаче энергии был ко-
ротким, он вызвал бы серьезное повреждение в некоторых видах памяти.
4. В придаточных предложениях сравнения (образа действия), вводимых союзами as if, as though (как если бы), употребляются формы was/were, wrote и had been/had written.
Applied mathematics deals with physical quantities as though they were mathematical concepts.
Прикладная математика рассматривает физические величины, как если бы они были математическими понятиями.
Формы с would для всех лиц would be/know и would have been/known употребляются в простых предложениях и в придаточных определительных предложениях со значением предположения, возможности совершения действия, при этом условия осуществления могут только подразумеваться.
Without the force of gravitation there would be no pressure in liquids.
Без гравитационной силы не было бы давления в жидкостях.
It would be extremely difficult to set up a single theoretical model which would describe the overall combustion process.
Было бы очень трудно создать одну теоретическую модель, которая описывала бы весь процесс горения.
5. If it were to + Infinitive = если бы (относится к будущему).
If it were to rain tomorrow, the match would be postponed.
Если бы завтра пошел дождь, матч перенесли бы на другой день. If it had rained yesterday, the match would have been postponed.
Если бы вчера пошел дождь, матч бы перенесли.
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Ex. 2. Translate the sentence into Russian.
1.It is essential that this method should be recommended.
2.It is required that the device separate the desired signals.
3.The suggestion is that the experiment should be continued.
4.Acid is added so that the metal should dissolve.
5.This gas must be kept in a special vessel lest it be evaporated.
6.Though such an apparatus be developed, this would not solve the problem.
7.One cannot speak of particles and waves as though they were two different things.
8.Wherever the primary defect be formed, it will later give rise to a visible crack.
9.It would be useful now to verify the results.
10.The absolute zero is the temperature at which an ideal gas would have zero volume at any finite pressure.
Ex. 3. Translate into Russian.
1.Though the individual processors may vary in their characteristics, it is only important that they be efficient.
2.It is required that the error signal should be isolated from the detector.
3.The demand is that the mass spectrometer should be reliable and simple in operation.
4.In order that this relation be valid two conditions must be observed.
5.The acid is diluted lest it should be too strong.
6.Though detection of particle showers by Cherenkov light should be simple, requiring only concave mirrors and photomultipliers, this optical technique would be unsuitable for this study.
7.Even though Kepler had accepted Tycho's theory, in order to solve the triangle, he would still have needed to know the direction of the line between Mars and the Sun.
8.Whatever the nature of the metal may be, the slower the rate of cooling the larger will be the size of the crystal after solidification.
9.In Bose-Einstein system an appreciable fraction of all the atoms behave as if they were in precisely the same quantum mechanical state.
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10.The use of amplification makes possible the satisfactory reception of signals from waves which would otherwise be too weak to give an audible response.
11.A minicomputer based message switcher performs a considerable amount of functions. To do these functions without it would require substantial memory space and software.
II.Laboratory Work N 8
1.Translate the sentences into Russian. Mind the Subjunctive Mood.
1.By performing statistical analysis of this data, knowledge about
elementary particle physics could be gained.
2.These detectors, built around the four collision points within underground halls, are each the size of a small house and are capable of registering the particles by their energy, momentum and charge, thus allowing physicists to infer the particle reaction that could have happened and the elementary particles involved.
3.After some years runnning, any particle physics experiment typically begins to suffer from diminishing returns (сведений, результатов); each additional year of operation discovers less than the year before. The way out around the diminishing returns could be to upgrade the experiment, either in energy or in luminosity.
4.It seems that it should move as the disk progresses. Could this be why Earth has an ocean?
2. Translate the sentences into English using the Subjunctive Mood.
1.БАК – большой адро́нный колла́йдер (англ. Large Hadron Collider, LHC) — ускоритель, предназначенный для разгона протонов и тяжёлых ионов и строящийся в настоящее время в исследовательском центре Европейского совета ядерных исследований
CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) мог бы быть запущен в сентябре прошлого года.
2.Одной из основных целей проекта LHC могло бы стать экспериментальное доказательство существования бозона Хиггса — частицы из Стандартной Модели (СМ).
3.Также, планируется исследование свойств W и Z-бозонов, ядерных взаимодействий при сверхвысоких энергиях, процессов рождения и распадов тяжёлых кварков (b и t).
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4.После запуска, БАК был бы самым высокоэнергичным ускорителем элементарных частиц в мире, почти на порядок превосходя по энергии своего ближайшего конкурента — протонантипротонный коллайдер Tevatron, который в настоящее время работает в Национальной лаборатории им. Ферми в США.
5.Его строительство не могло бы быть начато раньше, а лишь только в 2001 году, после окончания работы предыдущего большого ускорителя CERN — электрон-позитронного коллайдера LEP (Large Electron-Positron Collider).
3.Word building. Give Russian equivalents paying attention to different suffixes and prefixes.
1.– ty (n.): facility, electricity, capacity, gravity, validity.
2.– ant/ ent (adj.): relevant, different, adjacent.
3.– ence (n.): existence, circumference.
4.– or/ er (n.): locator, accelerator.
5.– ly (adv.): temporarily, immediately, completely, currently, officially.
6.– tion (n.): limitation, collaboration, observation, prediction, verification, gravitation, addition, ventilation.
7.hyper ['haipə ]-: hypertext, hyperlinks.
8.super ['sju:pə ]-: supersymmetric, superconducting
9. inter-: interaction, intersection.
4. Words to learn. Pay attention to the words and word combinations of Reading 8A.
1.current (n.) – ток . d.c. current-постоянный ток, a.c. current –
переменный ток
current (adj.) – текущий, настоящий (current events – послед-
ние известия)
currently (adv.) – в настоящее время currency (n) – валюта
free currency – свободно конвертируемая валюта
2.break down – разрушать, ломаться
This model is known to break down at a certain high energy level. break – ломать, выходить из строя
My watch is broken.
The TV set is broken again.
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break – перерыв
Let's take a break for lunch. 3. as well as – а также и
as well – также
It was built in collaboration with over eight-thousand physicists from eighty-five countries as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories.
4.facility [fə'siliti] (n.) – оборудование, аппаратура
This facility was supplied in time.
facilitate [fə'siliteit] (v) – облегчать, способствовать
The equipment provided facilitates our work.
5.Practise the pronunciation of the following words from Reading
8A.
Hadron ['a:drən], accelerator [ə k'seləreitə], proton ['proutən], validity[və'liditi], current ['kΛr(ə)nt], collaboration [kə'læbə'rei∫n], commissioning [kə'mi∫niŋ], temperature ['temprit∫ə], approximately [ə'proksimitli], scheduled ['∫edju:ld], elusive [i'lu:siv], acquire [ə 'kwaiə], component [kəm'pounənt], circumference [sə 'kΛmfərəns], kilometer [ki'lomitə], diameter [dai'æmitə], concrete [kon'kri:t], electron [i'lektrən], positron ['positrən], although [o:l'ðou], ancillary [æn'siləri], equipment [ik'wipmənt], control [kən'troul], adjacent [ə'd3eisənt], circular ['sə:kjulə], intersection [intə'sek∫ən], weigh [wei], tones [tΛnz], liquid ['likwid], helium ['hiljəm], quadrupole ['kwodrupoul], cryogenic [kraiə'd3enik].
III. Reading 8A
Large Hadron Collider
1. Before you read the text answer the following questions: Where is the collider placed?
What is the purpose of its construction? After reading the text check your answer.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator complex, intended to collide opposing beams of 7 TeV protons. Its main purpose is to explore the validity and limitations of the
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Standard Model, the current theoretical picture for particle physics. This model is known to break down at a certain high energy level.
The LHC was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), and lies under the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland. The LHC is the world's largest and the highest-energy particle accelerator. It is funded and built in collaboration with over eight thousand physicists from over eighty-five countries as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories.
The collider is currently undergoing commissioning while being cooled down to its final operating temperature of approximately 1.9 K (−271.25 °C). Initial particle beam injections were successfully carried out between 8–11th August 2008, the first attempt to circulate a beam through the entire LHC is scheduled for September 10, 2008, and the first high-energy collisions are planned to take place after the LHC is officially unveiled, on October 21, 2008.
When activated, it is theorized that the collider will produce the elusive Higgs boson, the observation of which could confirm the predictions and "missing links" in the Standard Model of physics and could explain how other elementary particles acquire properties such as mass. The verification of the existence of the Higgs boson would be a significant step in the search for a Grand Unified Theory, which seeks to unify three of the four known fundamental forces: electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force, leaving out only gravity. The Higgs boson may also help to explain why gravitation is so weak compared to the other three forces. In addition to the Higgs boson, other theorized novel particles that might be produced, and for which searches are planned, include strangelets, micro black holes, magnetic monopoles and supersymmetric particles.
Technical design
LHC component accelerators and detectors
The collider is contained in a circular tunnel with a circumference of 27 kilometres (17 mi) at a depth
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ranging from 50 to 175 metres underground. The 3.8 metre diameter, concrete-lined tunnel, constructed between 1983 and 1988, was formerly used to house the LEP, an electron-positron collider. It crosses the border between Switzerland and France at four points, although most of it is in France. Surface buildings hold ancillary equipment such as compressors, ventilation equipment, control electronics and refrigeration plants.
The collider tunnel contains two adjacent beam pipes, each containing a proton beam (a proton is one type of hadron). The two beams travel in opposite directions around the ring. Some 1232 bending magnets keep the beams on their circular path, while an additional 392 focusing magnets are used to keep the beams focused, in order to maximize the chances of interaction between the particles in the four intersection points, where the two beams will cross. In total, over 1600 superconducting magnets are installed, with most weighing over 27 tonnes. Approximately 96 tonnes of liquid helium is needed to keep the magnets at the operating temperature, making the LHC the largest cryogenic facility in the world at liquid helium temperature.
The protons will each have an energy of 7 TeV, giving a total collision energy of 14 TeV. It will take less than 90 microseconds for a proton to travel once around the main ring. Rather than continuous beams, the protons will be "bunched" together, into 2,808 bunches, so that interactions between the two beams will take place at discrete intervals never shorter than 25 ns apart. When the collider is first commissioned, it will be operated with fewer bunches, to give a bunch crossing interval of 75 ns. The number of bunches will later be increased to give a final bunch crossing interval of 25 ns.
Superconducting quadrupole electromagnets are used to direct the beams to four intersection points where interactions between protons will take place.
(Compiled from The Large Hadron Collider )
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2. Find equivalents for the following phrases.
Самый большой в мире; встречные пучки; находится под землей; а также и; в настоящее время; быть охлажденным до; приблизительно; торжественно открыть; неуловимый; элементарные частицы; получили свойства; по сравнению с; кроме; в диапазоне от… до; с бетонной облицовкой; который раньше занимал; в четырех пунктах; охлаждающие установки; смежный; двигаются в противоположном направлении; отклоняющие магниты по кругу; дополнительные фокусирующие магниты; при температуре жидкого гелия.
3. Read the passage a second time and answer the following questions.
IV. Class Exercises
1. Translate the abstract from English into Russian.
“Nanoscience” describes the ability to see, measure, manipulate and manufacture things on a scale of one to 100 nanometers. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter; a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick.
At the nano scale, the physical, chemical and biological properties of materials differ in basic and valuable ways from bulk matter. Nanotechnology research and development are helping scientists and engineers understand and create materials, devices and systems that use these new properties.
Nanotechnology applications are being developed in nearly every industry, including electronics and magnetics, energy production and storage, information technology, materials development, transportation, and medicine and health.
2. ENGLISH GRAFFITI [græ 'fiti].
On one side of this exercise you will find a list of "themes", which together with appropriate "'comment" make well-known English graffiti.
THEME |
COMMENT |
||
1. |
Do you have a drinking problem? |
a. |
Throw your tickets out of the |
2. |
I used to be conceited |
window. |
|
3. |
Do you have trouble in making up |
b. Then use nothing. |
|
your mind? |
c. |
Then wait for the teacher. |
|
4. |
I hate graffiti! |
d. |
Yes, I can't afford it. |
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5. |
Nothing beats the smell of BRUT |
e. |
Watch them disappear from the |
6. |
Keep this bus tidy |
first division. |
|
7. |
Legalise mental telepathy |
f. |
But he prefers Johnny Walker. |
8. |
Due to industrial action (strike) this |
g. |
I knew you were going to say |
toilet will be closed all day on Monday |
that. |
||
9. |
Drive carefully. Don't kill a child |
h. |
I hate all Italian food! |
10. This country will be ruined by apa- |
i. |
Well…er…yes…and er…no. |
|
thy |
|
j. |
What's apathy? – I don't know |
11. Jesus loves Black and White. |
and I don't care. |
||
12. A phone call. It costs less than you |
k. |
Soon it'll cost more than you be- |
|
think! |
lieve. |
||
13. Liverpool is magic! |
l. |
Please, do all you can today. |
|
|
|
m. |
But now I'm absolutely perfect. |
V. Reading 8B. The Large Hadron Collider
1.Before you read the text guess (догадайтесь) the answers to these questions:
1.What is the reason of using a series of systems?
2.What systems are used?
3.What is another purpose of using the Large Hadron Collider?
Now read the text and check your answers.
*Prior to being injected into the main accelerator, the particles are
prepared by a series of systems that successively increase their energy. The first system is the linear accelerator Linac 2 generating 50 MeV protons, which *feeds the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB). There the protons are accelerated to 1.4 GeV and injected into the Proton Synchrotron (PS), where they are accelerated to 26 GeV. Finally the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) is used to increase their energy to 450 GeV before they are *at last injected into the main ring, where proton
bunches are accumulated, accelerated to their peak 7 TeV energy, and finally stored for many hours while collisions *occur at the four intersection points.
The Large Hadron Collider's (LHC)
CMS detectors being installed.
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