Чучкина Инноватион течнологиес 2011
.pdfThe LHC will also be used to collide lead (Pb) nuclei with a collision energy of 1,150 TeV. The Pb ions will be first accelerated by the linear accelerator Linac 3, and the Low-Energy Injector Ring (LEIR) will be used *as an ion storage and cooler unit. The ions then will be further accelerated by the Proton Synchrotron (PS) and Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) before being injected into LHC ring, where they will reach an energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon.
Six detectors are being constructed at the LHC, located underground in large caverns*excavated at the LHC's *intersection points. Two of them, the ATLAS experiment and the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), are large, "*general purpose" particle detectors. A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) is designed to study the properties of quark-gluon plasma from the *debris of heavy-ion collisions. The other three, (LHCb, TOTEM, and LHCf), are smaller and more specialized.
2.Write T (for True) or F (for False) next to the statements given below.
1.Before being injected into the main accelerator, the particle are prepared by a series of systems that successively decrease their energy.____
2.The particles are injected into the main ring, where proton bunches are accumulated, accelerated to their peak energy, and stored for many hours. ____
3.The Pb ions will be first accelerated by the linear accelerator Linac 3, and the Low-Energy Injector Ring will be used as a Booster.
____
4.Five detectors are being constructed at the LHC. ____
5.A Large Ion Collider Experiment is designed to study the properties of quark-gluon plasma from the debris ['deibri:] of heavy-ion collision. ____
3.Translate the words marked with a star.
VI. Reading 8C
1. After you read the text, say
Why seven hundred scientists from eighty countries hope to use a collider?
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Research
A Feynman diagram of one way the Higgs boson may be produced at the LHC. Here, two quarks each emit a W or Z boson which combine to make a neutral Higgs.
A *simulated event in the CMS detector, featuring the appearance of the Higgs boson.
When in operation, about seven thousand scientists from eighty countries will have access to the LHC. Physicists hope to use the collider to test various grand unified theories and enhance their ability to answer the following questions:
•Is the popular Higgs mechanism for generating elementary particle masses in the Standard Model realised in nature? If so, how many Higgs bosons are there, and what are their masses?
•Will the more precise measurements of the masses of the quarks continue to be mutually consistent within the Standard Model?
•Do particles have supersymmetric ("SUSY") partners?
•Why are there apparent violations of the symmetry between matter and antimatter?
•Are there extra dimensions indicated by theoretical gravitons, as predicted by various models inspired by string theory, and can we "see" them?
•What is the nature of dark matter and dark energy?[
•Why is gravity so many orders of magnitude weaker than the other three fundamental forces?
As an ion collider
The LHC physics program is mainly based on proton-proton collisions. However, shorter running periods,*typically one month per
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year, with heavy-ion collisions are included in the programme. While lighter ions are considered *as well, the baseline scheme *deals with lead ions. This will allow an advancement in the experimental programme *currently in progress at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC).
2. Do you know the answer to any of the questions given above?
Translate the words marked with a star(*).
The mobile phone
1. Listen and repeat these useful expressions:
(Track 7 "Cool English" N 27 )
Things you say:
•What's your mobile phone number?
•What kind of mobile phone do you have?
•What features does your mobile phone have?
•My mobile phone number is ….
•Have you heard my new ringtone?
•I left you a message last night.
•There seems to be a problem with my phone.
•I got an engaged tone.
•I couldn't get through.
•You had it switched off.
•There wasn't any coverage.
•Call me later.
•I'll put your number in my address book.
•I'll be on my cell phone.
•Text me later today.
•Send me a text message when you get to the airport.
•Have you got a charger for a Siemens?
•Could you send me the photo?
2. Study the new words and expressions:
an engaged tone – the sound a phone makes when you call someone but the phone is being used.
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to get through – to manage to connect with another phone. to switch off – to press a button so the phone is not activated.
coverage – if you have "coverage", your phone will connect to the main phone system.
a charger – a device with which you can charge your mobile to make it work.
3. Now use these expressions to practice asking about a mobile phone.
VII. Home Exercises (to be done in writing)
Ex. 1. Translate the extract from English into Russian
Large Electron-Positron Collider – Operation
The Super Proton Synchrotron (an older ring collider) is used to accelerate electrons and positrons to nearly the speed of light. These are then injected into the ring. As in all ring colliders, the LEP's ring consists of many magnets which force the charged particles into a circular trajectory (so that they stay inside the ring), RF accelerators which accelerate the particles with radio frequency (RF) waves and quadrupoles that focus the particle beam (i.e. keep the particles together). (Note that 'accelerating' here does not really mean that the particles get faster, as they already are very close to the speed of light in the beginning. But they gain kinetic energy and so become more massive because mass and energy are related according to the theory of special relativity.) When the particles are accelerated to maximum energy (and focused to socalled bunches), an electron and a positron bunch is made to collide with each other at one of the collision points of the detector. When an electron and a positron collide, they annihilate to a virtual particle, either a photon or a Z boson. The virtual particle almost immediately decays into other elementary particles, which are then detected by huge particle detectors.
Ex. 2 Give a free translation
Если черные дыры могут возникать в ходе столкновения элементарных частиц, они также будут и распадаться на элементарные частицы, в соответствии с принципом CPT-инвариантности, являющимся одним из самых фундаментальных принципов квантовой механики.
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Далее, если бы гипотетические стабильные чёрные микро-дыры существовали, они бы образовывались в больших количествах в результате бомбардировки Земли космическими элементарными частицами. Но большая́ часть прилетающих из космоса высокоэнергетических элементарных частиц обладают электрическим зарядом, поэтому часть чёрных дыр была бы электрически заряжена. Эти заряженные чёрные дыры захватывались бы магнитным полем Земли и, будь они в самом деле опасны, давно разрушили бы Землю.
К тому же, любые чёрные дыры, заряженные или электрически нейтральные, захватывались бы белыми карликами и нейтронными звёздами (которые, как и Земля, бомбардируются космическим излучением) и разрушали их. В результате время жизни белых карликов и нейтронных звёзд было бы гораздо короче.
Unit 9
I. Grammar
Conditional Sentences
Придаточные предложения условия
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Ex. 1. Translate into Russian.
1.Most people would succeed in small things if they were not troubled with great ambitions.
2.If the temperature of the air were too low, the length of the standard would decrease.
3.If any law of physics were wrong, this would cause a change in our standards of length and
time.
4.Unless the scientists had developed atomic clock we wouldn’t have had so accurate standard of time.
Ex. 2. Translate into Russian.
1.We would overcome some difficulties in the experiment in case more up-to-date experimental
technique were at our desposal.
2.If the two methods were combined, the data accuracy would be higher.
3.We should start our work provided we got all the necessary equipment.
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4.They would have got good results unless the device had failed.
5.I could do this work in case I got the necessary information.
6.If they were to use better programs, they would get better results.
7.If you raise the temperature, the water will evaporate.
8.The accident might not have occurred provided they had better prepared for the experiment.
9.We would have obtained the better result in our experiment unless we had refused to combine this method with x-ray analysis.
10.It would have been impossible to launch artificial earth satellite provided we had not had polymeric materials and synthetic fuels.
11.In case contradictions were significant, they would contribute to the development of a breakthrough solution.
Inversion in Conditional Sentences
Инверсия в условных предложениях
Conditional sentences are also used without conjunctions, in the case the inversion takes place.
Compare:
If (in case) one electron were removed a net positive change would be left.
Were one electron removed, a net positive charge would be left.
If he had known this, he would never have done it.
Had he known this, he would never have done it.
Some points to be remembered:
Если бы не:
But for – for any tense
If it were not for, were it not for – for present and future If it had not been for, had it not been for – for past
But for (if it were nit for, were it not for) this model, the data abtained would not be correct.
Если бы не эта модель, то полученные данные не были бы
точными.
Ex. 1. Translte into Russian.
1.Had it not been for their help, we should have failed in our work.
2.But for the radioastronomy, we should have never made such discoveries in the Universe.
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3.Should this happen, the motor would continue to ran.
4.Could they get the necessary equipment, they would finish their work earlier.
5.Were it not for you, he would refuse to do it.
6.Should the reaction proceed smoothly, the end product might increase.
Ex. 2. Translate into Russian.
1.The performance would be quite stable unless the temperature exceeded a certain critical point.
2.But for the rapid development of computer technique and automation in that scientific age, space research would have never made such great progress.
3.If new technologies were to be devised by cooperative research for cleaner air, water and soil, those technologies could be made available on commercial basis to other nations.
4.In case the resistance were connected to the circuit, the strength of current would increase.
5.On condition that the rate of the emission is known one can determine the range of particles.
6.From that point conditions on the nuclear plant deteriorated. Even now, if the supply of cooling water had been resumed, the situation might have been saved, but water supply was not increased and high fuel temperature became even higher.
7.Should there be even very small deviation in the velocity, the space probe will pass the planet.
8.The evidence that the single particle tracks were primarily due to muons was based on the absence of interactions. If these tracks were pions, we would have expected eight interactions. Indeed, even if all of the stopping tracks were considered to be interacting, this result would still lead to the conclusion that the mean free path of these tracks was four times that expected for hadrons.
Some points to be remembered:
1.the … the … (with two comparatives) = чем …, тем …
The more you repeat something, the better you remember it. The more math facts you learn, the easier math facts are to learn. The more songs you listen to and learn, the easier it becomes.
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The warmer the weather, the better I feel.
The more expensive is the hotel, the better the service.
More examples to be translated and memorised.
1.Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago.
2.Ann's salary is the same as mine = Ann gets the same salary
as me.
3.He is not so clever as her.
4.You are taller than I am = You are taller than me.
5.They have more money than we have = They have more money than me.
6.I can't run as fast as he can = I can't run as fast as him.
7.It's becoming harder and harder to find the job.
II. Laboratory Work N 9
Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1.The older I get, the more forgetful I become.
2.The less interesting the subject is, the more bored the students be-
come.
3.Bill is far richer than Tom.
4.I'm interested in buying a new computer.
5.He got involved in many clubs and societies and had no time to
study.
6.He's very good at maths and physics but hopeless at languages.
Ex. 2. Distinguish between: last or latest
word |
meaning/use |
example |
collocations |
last |
most recent in |
I saw her last |
last week/year/time |
|
time |
night. |
the last |
|
at the end |
I'm reading the |
train/bus/flight/dance |
|
|
last chapter |
the last |
|
the only one re- |
This is the very |
chance/opportunity |
|
maining |
last bird of its kind. |
|
latest |
more recent |
She was dressed |
the latest |
|
|
in the latest |
gossip/film/news/discovery |
|
|
fashion. |
|
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natural or physical
word |
meaning/use |
example |
collocations |
natural |
not artificial or |
Is that the natural |
a natural flavour; |
|
man-made; |
colour of your hair? |
natural ingredients |
|
existing in nature, |
She shows a natural |
a natural |
|
not produced by |
ability in swimming |
skill/tendency/charm |
|
people |
pool. |
|
|
normal, to be |
It was natural for |
a natural |
|
expected |
her to be concerned |
reaction/response |
|
|
about her children's |
|
|
|
education. |
natural histo- |
|
of plants and ani- |
I'm amazed at such a |
|
|
mals |
variety of species in |
ry/natural sciences |
|
|
our natural world. |
|
physical |
(usually) |
It will need a great |
physical strength/ |
|
concerning |
physical effort to lift |
energy/exercise; in |
|
the body |
those boxes. |
good physical shape; a |
|
|
|
physical examination |
|
that can |
We must care for |
the physical |
|
be touched, real |
our physical |
world/physical condi- |
|
|
environment. |
tions |
Ex. 3. Words to learn. Pay attention to the words and word combinations from Reading 9A.
Study the word combinations and translate the sentences into Russian.
a. divide into − делиться на
The human brain is divided into two sides, or hemispheres. b. rely on – полагаться на
Accountants, engineers, doctors and lawyers usually rely on their left brains.
c.look for, search for – искать
I lost my keys yesterday and I was looking for them the whole
evening.
d.to receive the Nobel Prize in/for (physics) – получить Нобе-
левскую премию в области…
He received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1921.
e.to be (become) interested in − интересоваться ч-л
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