- •Contents
- •Part I philosophy
- •Philosophy: the range of philosophical problems and the role and significance in culture.
- •1.1. Philosophy as Specific Type of Knowledge
- •1.2. The Subject Matter and the Nature of Philosophy
- •1.3. Philosophy as Theoretical Basis of Worldview
- •1.4. Philosophy as General Methodology
- •1.5. The Specific Place of Philosophy in Culture. Functions of Philosophy
- •Questions and Tasks for Self -Control
- •Literature
- •Philosophy of the middle ages
- •3.1. Historical and Social-Cultural Grounds for the Development of Mediaeval Philosophy, Its Characteristic Features and Problems of Research
- •3.2. Basic Philosophical Ideas in the Period of Patristics
- •3.3. Scholasticism as Basic Stream of Medieval Philosophy
- •3.4. Argumentation on the Universals. Nominalists and Realists
- •Questions and Tasks for Self -Control
- •Philosophy of the renaissance
- •4.1. Humanism – New Worldview Orientation of the Renaissance: Historical and Cultural Grounds
- •4.2. Revival of Platonic Tradition. Nicolas of Cusa
- •4.3. Natural Philosophy and New Science
- •4.4. Social Theories of the Renaissance
- •Questions and Tasks for Self -Control
- •Literature
- •Philosophy of the modern ages
- •5.2. Empiricism. English Philosophy of XVII Century
- •5.3. Rationalism. European Philosophy of XVII Century
- •5.4. Philosophy of Enlightenment
- •Словарь - Открыть словарную статью
- •Questions and Tasks for self-control
- •Literature
- •German classical philosophy
- •6.1. Historical Social and Cultural Grounds for the German Classical Philosophy Development
- •6.2. I. Kant and His Critical Philosophy
- •6.3. Idealism: Fichte and Schelling on Road to Hegel
- •6.5. L. Feuerbach as Necessary Stepping Stone for Non-Classic Philosophy of XIX-XX Centuries
- •Questions and Tasks for self-control
- •Unit 7 european philosophy of the XIX-XX centuries
- •7.1. General Characteristics of XIX-XX Centuries’ Philosophy. Historical Social and Cultural Grounds for Its Development
- •7.2. Romantic Movement as Grounds for
- •7.3. Currents of Thought in XIX Century and
- •7.4. Variety of Doctrines in XIX–XX Centuries
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Formation and development of philosophical thought in ukraine
- •8.1. Ukrainian Philosophical Culture and Its Specificity
- •8.2. Philosophical Thought in Period of Kyiv Rus
- •8.3. Ukrainian Philosophy of XV–XVIII Centuries
- •8.4. Ukrainian Philosophy in XIX –First Third of XX Centuries
- •8.5. Philosophical Thought in Ukraine in XX-XXI Centuries
- •Congenial work (after h. Skovoroda) is a creative potential of human beings and the possibility of self-fulfillment in this life.
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Outline theory of dialectics
- •9.1. Dialectics and Its Historical Forms
- •9.2. Principles and Laws of Dialectics
- •9.3. Laws of Dialectics
- •9.4. Categories of Dialectics
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control:
- •Literature:
- •Philosophical theory of being
- •10.1. “Being” as Philosophical Category. Unity and Structuredness of Being
- •10.2. Philosophical Category of “Matter”. Structure of Matter in Contemporary Science
- •10.3. Motion, Space and Time as Attributes of Matter. Social Space and Social Time as Forms of Human Being in Culture
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Jan Westerhoff. Ontological Categories: Their nature and Significance / Jan Westerhoff. — New York : Oxford University Press, 2005. − 261 p.
- •Philosophical conception of man
- •11.1. Development of Concept of Man in the History of Philosophy
- •11.2. Man as Biopsychosocial Being
- •11.3. Man and His Environment: from the Earth to Outer Space
- •11.4. Man. Personality. Society
- •11.5. Problem of Man’s Being Purport
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Philosophical problem of consciousness
- •12.1. Problem of Consciousness in Different Philosophical Teachings
- •12.2. Role of Practical Activity, Communication and Speech in Formation and Development of Consciousness
- •12.3. Structure of Consciousness. Consciousness and Unconsciousness
- •12.4. Consciousness and Self-Consciousness
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control:
- •Literature:
- •Theory of cognition
- •13.1. Cognition as Object of Philosophical Analysis
- •13.2. Methods and Forms of Scientific Cognition
- •13.3. Problem of Truth
- •13.4. Practice as the Basis and Purpose of Cognition
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control:
- •Literature
- •Social philosophy: subject matter and structure
- •14.1. Specific Character of Social Philosophy. Social Being and Social Consciousness
- •14.2. Philosophical Meaning of the Concept of Society. Society as System
- •14.3. Social System’s Structure and Its Basic Elements
- •14.4. Historical Periodization of Social Development
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control:
- •Literature
- •Social production as mode of man’s being in culture
- •15.1. The Concept of Culture in Philosophy. Culture as a Symbolic World of Human Existence
- •15.2. Material Culture, Its Structure
- •15.3. Spiritual Culture, Its Structure
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Political sphere of society`s life as philosophical problem
- •16.1. Politics and Political System of Society. Structure of Politics
- •16.2. State as Basic Political Institution
- •Literature
- •Plato. Republic / Plato : [transl. By g.M.A. Gruber]. — Indianapolis : Hackett Publishing, 1992. — 300 p.
- •Philosophy of history
- •17.1. History as Object of Philosophical Research: Historical Development of Circle of Problems. Meaning of History
- •17.2. Coincidence of Evolutional and Revolution Principles
- •In the Development of Mankind’s Civilization
- •17.3. Role and Significance of Masses of People and Personalities in History
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Strategy of future
- •18.1. Opposition “Modern-Postmodern” in Mankind’s Cultural and Civilized Development
- •18.2. Global Problems of Today as Negative Consequences of Modern Culture
- •18.3. Phenomenon of Globalization in Modern Civilized Development
- •Questions and Tasks for self-control
- •Literature
- •Part II logic
- •Logic as philosophical and scientific discipline
- •19.1. Subject of Logic. Sensual and Abstract Cognition
- •19.2. Logical Functions and Laws of Thinking
- •19.3. Functions of Logic
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Logical forms of thinking
- •20.1. Concept as Form of Abstract Thinking
- •Identity (Sameness)
- •20.2. Proposition and Its Structure
- •Inductive reasoning
- •Literature
- •Logical basis of argumentation
- •21.1. Structure of Argumentation
- •21.2. Logical Fallacies
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Part III religion studies
- •Religion: essence, structure and historical forms
- •22.1. Religion studies as a philosophical discipline.
- •22.2. Religion: Structure and Functions
- •22.3. Historical Types and Forms of Religion
- •Literature
- •Primitive religious beliefs and ethnic religions
- •23.1. Primitive Religions
- •23.2. Ethnical Religions
- •Literature
- •The world religions
- •24.1. Buddhism
- •24.2. Judeo-Christian tradition
- •24.3. Islam. Fundamental Tenets of Islam
- •3) Belief in the Prophets and Messengers
- •4) Belief in the Sacred Texts
- •5) Belief in Life after Death
- •6) Belief in the Divine Decree
- •1) The Declaration of Faith
- •2) The Prayer (Salah)
- •3) The Compulsory Charity (Zakah)
- •4) The Fast of Ramadan (Sawm)
- •5) The fifth Pillar is the Pilgrimage or Hajj to Mecca
- •The Branches of Islam
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Religion in modern world
- •25.1. Specific Character of Development of Religion in Modern Time: Modernism and Fundamentalism
- •25.2. New Religions: Essence, Origin and Classifications
- •25.3. Why Do People Join New Religious Movements?
- •25.4. Tolerance
- •25.5. Religious Toleration and History of Struggle for Freedom of Conscience in Europe
- •25.6. Human Rights
- •25.7. Legislative Guarantee of Freedom of Conscience
- •In Independent Ukraine
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •26.2. Morality and Morals
- •26.3. Origin of Morality
- •Questions and tasks for self-control
- •Literature
- •Notion and the structure of moral consciousness. Categories of ethics.
- •27.1. Moral Consciousness in the System of Morality. Structure of Moral Consciousness
- •27.2. Moral Norms and Principles. Motives and Value Orientation
- •27.3. Main Ethical Categories
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Moral world of man. Problems of applied ethics
- •28.1. Moral Necessity and Moral Freedom
- •28.2. Moral Choice and Responsibility
- •28.3. Love as Essential Component of Human Being
- •28.4. Problems of Applied Ethics
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Part V aesthetics
- •Aesthetics as philosophical discipline
- •29.1. Development of Concept of Aesthetics in History of Philosophy
- •29.2. Aesthetics and Other Disciplines
- •29.3. Basic Categories of Aesthetics
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Art as social phenomenon
- •30.1. Origin of Concept of Art
- •30.2. Art as Social Phenomenon
- •30.3. Forms of Art
- •30.4. Specificity of Artistic Creation Process
- •30.5. Search of Art in XXI Century
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •The list of literature Basic Literature
- •Jan Westerhoff. Ontological Categories: Their Nature and Significance / Jan Westerhoff. — New York : Oxford University Press, 2005. − 261 p.
- •Supplementary Literature
- •J.L. Acrill. Essays on Plato and Aristotle / j.L. Acrill. – New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. — 251 p.
- •John Burnet. Early Greek Philosophy / John Burnet. – [4 ed.] – London: a. & c. Black, 1952. — 375 p.
- •Roy Burrel. The Greeks / Roy Burrel. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1989. — 243 p.
- •Primary sources
- •Plato. Collected dialogues / Plato : [transl. By Lane Cooper and others]. – Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1961. — 1743 p.
- •Plato. Republic / Plato : [transl. By g.M.A. Gruber]. — Indianapolis : Hackett Publishing, 1992. — 300 p.
24.3. Islam. Fundamental Tenets of Islam
Islam is a monotheistic religion. The word Islam means 'Submission (to God) and Peace. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim. Believers demonstrate submission to God by worshipping Him, following His commands, and avoiding polytheism. As the religion of Islam originated in VII century Arabia, the early forms of Muslim culture were predominantly Arab. With the rapid expansion of the Islamic empires, Muslims contacted and assimilated much from the Persian, Turkic, Mongol, Indian, Malay, Berber and Indonesian cultures. There are several fundamental tenets of Islam:
1) Belief in God
Islam upholds strict monotheism, so a belief in one God forms the heart of their faith. Islam teaches belief in one God who was not born Himself, and has no share in His caretaking of the world. He alone gives life and death, brings good, causes affliction, and provides sustenance for His creation. God in Islam is the sole Creator, Lord, Ruler, Judge, and Saviour of the universe. He has no equal in His qualities and abilities, such as knowledge and power. All worship, veneration is to be directed to God and none else.
2) Belief in the AngelsAdherents to Islam must believe in the Unseen world as mentioned in the Quran. From this world are the angels’ emissaries of God, each assigned with a specific task. They have no free-will or ability to disobey; it is their very nature to be God's faithful servants. Angels are not to be taken as demigods or objects of praise or veneration; they are mere servants of God obeying His every command.
3) Belief in the Prophets and Messengers
Islam is a universal and inclusive religion. Muslims believe in prophets, not just the Prophet Muhammad, who was born in Mecca in 571, but the Hebrew prophets, including Abraham and Moses, and Job as well as the prophets of the New Testament, Jesus, and John the Baptist. Islam teaches that God did not send prophets to Jews and Christians alone, rather He sent prophets to all nations in the world with one central message: worship God alone. Muslim must believe in all prophets sent by God mentioned in the Quran, without making any distinction between them. Muhammad was sent with the final message, and there is no prophet to come after him. His message is final and eternal, and through him God completed His Message to humanity.
The Book of Job begins with an introduction to Job's character — he is described as a blessed man who lives righteously. Satan challenges Job's integrity, proposing to God that Job serves him simply because God protects him. God removes Job's protection, allowing Satan to take his wealth, his children, and his physical health in order to tempt Job to curse God. Despite his difficult circumstances, he does not curse God, but rather curses the day of his birth. Job's response to God shows none of the anger, passion, or piety he demonstrated in the rest of the story, even when God does not give Job the direct answer he has demanded for much of the book. Then Job is restored to an even better condition than his former wealthy state