- •Contents
- •Part I philosophy
- •Philosophy: the range of philosophical problems and the role and significance in culture.
- •1.1. Philosophy as Specific Type of Knowledge
- •1.2. The Subject Matter and the Nature of Philosophy
- •1.3. Philosophy as Theoretical Basis of Worldview
- •1.4. Philosophy as General Methodology
- •1.5. The Specific Place of Philosophy in Culture. Functions of Philosophy
- •Questions and Tasks for Self -Control
- •Literature
- •Philosophy of the middle ages
- •3.1. Historical and Social-Cultural Grounds for the Development of Mediaeval Philosophy, Its Characteristic Features and Problems of Research
- •3.2. Basic Philosophical Ideas in the Period of Patristics
- •3.3. Scholasticism as Basic Stream of Medieval Philosophy
- •3.4. Argumentation on the Universals. Nominalists and Realists
- •Questions and Tasks for Self -Control
- •Philosophy of the renaissance
- •4.1. Humanism – New Worldview Orientation of the Renaissance: Historical and Cultural Grounds
- •4.2. Revival of Platonic Tradition. Nicolas of Cusa
- •4.3. Natural Philosophy and New Science
- •4.4. Social Theories of the Renaissance
- •Questions and Tasks for Self -Control
- •Literature
- •Philosophy of the modern ages
- •5.2. Empiricism. English Philosophy of XVII Century
- •5.3. Rationalism. European Philosophy of XVII Century
- •5.4. Philosophy of Enlightenment
- •Словарь - Открыть словарную статью
- •Questions and Tasks for self-control
- •Literature
- •German classical philosophy
- •6.1. Historical Social and Cultural Grounds for the German Classical Philosophy Development
- •6.2. I. Kant and His Critical Philosophy
- •6.3. Idealism: Fichte and Schelling on Road to Hegel
- •6.5. L. Feuerbach as Necessary Stepping Stone for Non-Classic Philosophy of XIX-XX Centuries
- •Questions and Tasks for self-control
- •Unit 7 european philosophy of the XIX-XX centuries
- •7.1. General Characteristics of XIX-XX Centuries’ Philosophy. Historical Social and Cultural Grounds for Its Development
- •7.2. Romantic Movement as Grounds for
- •7.3. Currents of Thought in XIX Century and
- •7.4. Variety of Doctrines in XIX–XX Centuries
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Formation and development of philosophical thought in ukraine
- •8.1. Ukrainian Philosophical Culture and Its Specificity
- •8.2. Philosophical Thought in Period of Kyiv Rus
- •8.3. Ukrainian Philosophy of XV–XVIII Centuries
- •8.4. Ukrainian Philosophy in XIX –First Third of XX Centuries
- •8.5. Philosophical Thought in Ukraine in XX-XXI Centuries
- •Congenial work (after h. Skovoroda) is a creative potential of human beings and the possibility of self-fulfillment in this life.
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Outline theory of dialectics
- •9.1. Dialectics and Its Historical Forms
- •9.2. Principles and Laws of Dialectics
- •9.3. Laws of Dialectics
- •9.4. Categories of Dialectics
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control:
- •Literature:
- •Philosophical theory of being
- •10.1. “Being” as Philosophical Category. Unity and Structuredness of Being
- •10.2. Philosophical Category of “Matter”. Structure of Matter in Contemporary Science
- •10.3. Motion, Space and Time as Attributes of Matter. Social Space and Social Time as Forms of Human Being in Culture
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Jan Westerhoff. Ontological Categories: Their nature and Significance / Jan Westerhoff. — New York : Oxford University Press, 2005. − 261 p.
- •Philosophical conception of man
- •11.1. Development of Concept of Man in the History of Philosophy
- •11.2. Man as Biopsychosocial Being
- •11.3. Man and His Environment: from the Earth to Outer Space
- •11.4. Man. Personality. Society
- •11.5. Problem of Man’s Being Purport
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Philosophical problem of consciousness
- •12.1. Problem of Consciousness in Different Philosophical Teachings
- •12.2. Role of Practical Activity, Communication and Speech in Formation and Development of Consciousness
- •12.3. Structure of Consciousness. Consciousness and Unconsciousness
- •12.4. Consciousness and Self-Consciousness
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control:
- •Literature:
- •Theory of cognition
- •13.1. Cognition as Object of Philosophical Analysis
- •13.2. Methods and Forms of Scientific Cognition
- •13.3. Problem of Truth
- •13.4. Practice as the Basis and Purpose of Cognition
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control:
- •Literature
- •Social philosophy: subject matter and structure
- •14.1. Specific Character of Social Philosophy. Social Being and Social Consciousness
- •14.2. Philosophical Meaning of the Concept of Society. Society as System
- •14.3. Social System’s Structure and Its Basic Elements
- •14.4. Historical Periodization of Social Development
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control:
- •Literature
- •Social production as mode of man’s being in culture
- •15.1. The Concept of Culture in Philosophy. Culture as a Symbolic World of Human Existence
- •15.2. Material Culture, Its Structure
- •15.3. Spiritual Culture, Its Structure
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Political sphere of society`s life as philosophical problem
- •16.1. Politics and Political System of Society. Structure of Politics
- •16.2. State as Basic Political Institution
- •Literature
- •Plato. Republic / Plato : [transl. By g.M.A. Gruber]. — Indianapolis : Hackett Publishing, 1992. — 300 p.
- •Philosophy of history
- •17.1. History as Object of Philosophical Research: Historical Development of Circle of Problems. Meaning of History
- •17.2. Coincidence of Evolutional and Revolution Principles
- •In the Development of Mankind’s Civilization
- •17.3. Role and Significance of Masses of People and Personalities in History
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Strategy of future
- •18.1. Opposition “Modern-Postmodern” in Mankind’s Cultural and Civilized Development
- •18.2. Global Problems of Today as Negative Consequences of Modern Culture
- •18.3. Phenomenon of Globalization in Modern Civilized Development
- •Questions and Tasks for self-control
- •Literature
- •Part II logic
- •Logic as philosophical and scientific discipline
- •19.1. Subject of Logic. Sensual and Abstract Cognition
- •19.2. Logical Functions and Laws of Thinking
- •19.3. Functions of Logic
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Logical forms of thinking
- •20.1. Concept as Form of Abstract Thinking
- •Identity (Sameness)
- •20.2. Proposition and Its Structure
- •Inductive reasoning
- •Literature
- •Logical basis of argumentation
- •21.1. Structure of Argumentation
- •21.2. Logical Fallacies
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Part III religion studies
- •Religion: essence, structure and historical forms
- •22.1. Religion studies as a philosophical discipline.
- •22.2. Religion: Structure and Functions
- •22.3. Historical Types and Forms of Religion
- •Literature
- •Primitive religious beliefs and ethnic religions
- •23.1. Primitive Religions
- •23.2. Ethnical Religions
- •Literature
- •The world religions
- •24.1. Buddhism
- •24.2. Judeo-Christian tradition
- •24.3. Islam. Fundamental Tenets of Islam
- •3) Belief in the Prophets and Messengers
- •4) Belief in the Sacred Texts
- •5) Belief in Life after Death
- •6) Belief in the Divine Decree
- •1) The Declaration of Faith
- •2) The Prayer (Salah)
- •3) The Compulsory Charity (Zakah)
- •4) The Fast of Ramadan (Sawm)
- •5) The fifth Pillar is the Pilgrimage or Hajj to Mecca
- •The Branches of Islam
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Religion in modern world
- •25.1. Specific Character of Development of Religion in Modern Time: Modernism and Fundamentalism
- •25.2. New Religions: Essence, Origin and Classifications
- •25.3. Why Do People Join New Religious Movements?
- •25.4. Tolerance
- •25.5. Religious Toleration and History of Struggle for Freedom of Conscience in Europe
- •25.6. Human Rights
- •25.7. Legislative Guarantee of Freedom of Conscience
- •In Independent Ukraine
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •26.2. Morality and Morals
- •26.3. Origin of Morality
- •Questions and tasks for self-control
- •Literature
- •Notion and the structure of moral consciousness. Categories of ethics.
- •27.1. Moral Consciousness in the System of Morality. Structure of Moral Consciousness
- •27.2. Moral Norms and Principles. Motives and Value Orientation
- •27.3. Main Ethical Categories
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Moral world of man. Problems of applied ethics
- •28.1. Moral Necessity and Moral Freedom
- •28.2. Moral Choice and Responsibility
- •28.3. Love as Essential Component of Human Being
- •28.4. Problems of Applied Ethics
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Part V aesthetics
- •Aesthetics as philosophical discipline
- •29.1. Development of Concept of Aesthetics in History of Philosophy
- •29.2. Aesthetics and Other Disciplines
- •29.3. Basic Categories of Aesthetics
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •Art as social phenomenon
- •30.1. Origin of Concept of Art
- •30.2. Art as Social Phenomenon
- •30.3. Forms of Art
- •30.4. Specificity of Artistic Creation Process
- •30.5. Search of Art in XXI Century
- •Questions and Tasks for Self-Control
- •Literature
- •The list of literature Basic Literature
- •Jan Westerhoff. Ontological Categories: Their Nature and Significance / Jan Westerhoff. — New York : Oxford University Press, 2005. − 261 p.
- •Supplementary Literature
- •J.L. Acrill. Essays on Plato and Aristotle / j.L. Acrill. – New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. — 251 p.
- •John Burnet. Early Greek Philosophy / John Burnet. – [4 ed.] – London: a. & c. Black, 1952. — 375 p.
- •Roy Burrel. The Greeks / Roy Burrel. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1989. — 243 p.
- •Primary sources
- •Plato. Collected dialogues / Plato : [transl. By Lane Cooper and others]. – Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1961. — 1743 p.
- •Plato. Republic / Plato : [transl. By g.M.A. Gruber]. — Indianapolis : Hackett Publishing, 1992. — 300 p.
Questions and Tasks for Self -Control
Give your account for socio-economic and cultural grounds caused the phenomenon of the Renaissance.
What is «humanism»? Are «humanism» and «Renaissance» connected?
What tendencies determined the development of the Renaissance philosophy?
Give your reasons for the essence of the Reformation.
Give your comment on Nicolas of Cusa’s saying: “Man is a world but not the whole world, he is a human world”.
Explain Giordano Bruno’s thought: “Universe is a single unit, but there are many worlds in it”.
Give your account for economic, political and cultural structure of the Utopian society and feasible ways of approaching this utopian ideal.
What contribution did Renaissance philosophy make in further development of world philosophy?
Literature
Basic:
Philosophy. Historical-Philosophical Introduction : [the course of lectures] / L.V. Kadnikova − K. : NAU, 2004. — 172 p.
The Oxford History of Western Philosophy / Anthony Kenny. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2000. — 407 p.
Supplementary:
Frederick C. Copleston. On the History of Philosophy and Other Essays / Frederick Charles Copleston. — New York : Barnes & Noble Books, 1979. — 160 p.
Primary sources:
Nicolas of Cusa. Of Learned Ignorance / Nicolas of Cusa : [transl. by Germain Heron]. − New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954. — 174 p.
Unit 5
Philosophy of the modern ages
The purpose of this theme is to identify characteristic features and basic laws of the Modern Ages and Enlightenment philosophy, to define common principles of the main philosophical trends, and determine their place, role and significance in the historical and contemporary contexts.
The key words of the theme are: empiricism, rationalism, induction, deduction, substance.
5.1. Historical and Socio-Cultural Grounds for the Development of the Modern Ages Philosophy
The fruitful rise of capitalism and bourgeois relationship had changed the world by the XVII century. Europe was divided into national states. Some bourgeois revolutions in England and Netherlands took place.
The development of experimental knowledge demanded the replacement of the scholastic method of thinking by a new one, directly addressed to the real world. The principles of materialism and elements of dialectics were revived and developed, in a new atmosphere. Increasing knowledge of nature confirmed the truth of materialism and rejected the basic propositions of idealism. Although human knowledge of geography (through the accounts of Marco Polo, the voyages of discovery and so on) and of medicine (through discoveries such as that of the circulation of the blood, and the new interests in anatomy both in art and in surgery, etc.) and some other areas expended greatly during this period, it was in the fields of astronomy and mechanics that the largest advances were being made. This had its effects on natural philosophy, where the dominant picture of the physical cosmos was that of the machine. All this raised the issue of the relation of the human soul or mind to the body. This in turn stimulated thinking about how our senses and thoughts can successfully understand what lies "out there". Mind-body dualism could create severe problems in the theory of knowledge. And so it was in the 17th century that there was something of a sea change in the direction and emphasis in philosophical thinking.
The main peculiarities of the Modern Ages philosophy are as following:
1. Philosophy was guided by science. It was inseparably linked with knowledge taken from experience, practice. The importance of scientific awareness was growing.
2. The problems of epistemology in the new philosophy became as important as ontology problems, even more.
3. The conflict between Empiricism and Rationalism - two main streams of the 17th century.
4. The growing interest to the social organization. The social contract.
5. The dominant place of materialism (mechanistic, metaphysical).
European philosophy manifested Rationalism and English - Empiricism. These two positions tended to the development of science, formed its character, defined main tendencies of Modern Ages thinking.