MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE, YOUTH AND SPORTS OF UKRAINE

National Aviation University

PHILOSOPHY. LOGIC. RELIGION STUDIES.

ETHICS. AESTHETICS.

Textbook

Kyiv

2011

УДК 1+2 (075.8)

ББК Ю0я 7

Р 57

Authors: L.V. Kadnikova (Preface, themes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 17), A.J. Morozov ( themes: 16, 19,20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30), M.A. Abysova (themes: 9, 15, 18), S.M. Ischuk – (themes: 10, 12, 13)

Reviewed by Professor Onoprienko V.I., Professor Lyakh V.V. National Academy of Science of Ukraine; Professor Moklyak M.M. National Aviation University.

English language adviser: Kozeletska I.S.

Approved by the Methodical and Editorial Board of the National Aviation University (Minutes № 3/11 of 18.04.2011.

У підручнику висвітлено теми з філософії і таких філософських дисциплін, як логіка, релігієзнавство, етика і естетика. Він також містить словник термінів, список основной та додаткової літератури та філософські першоджерела. Подано основні філософські напрями; погляди видатних філософів минулого і сучасності; матеріали з історії релігії, моралі, мистецтвознавства та історії мистецтва щодо всіх проблем, які розглядаються у процесі вивчення синтетичного курсу «Філософія (філософія, логіка, релігієзнавство, етика, естетика)»

Для студентів усіх спеціальностей, які навчаються англійською мовою.

P 57 Philosophy (Philosophy. Logic. Religion Studies. Ethics. Aesthetics): Textbook / Edited by L.V. Kadnikova – K. : NAU, 2011. – 596 p.

Topics on Philosophy and philosophical disciplines such as Logic, Religion Studies, Ethics and Aesthetics are presented in the textbook. The textbook also contains a glossary, supplementary literature and primary sources. The basic philosophical trends; the views of prominent past and present philosophers; materials on the history of religion; morality; art studies and the history of art are exposed according to all issues dealt with in the process of studying the synthetic course "Philosophy (Philosophy, Logic, Religion Studies, Ethics, Aesthetics)".

This course is intended for students of all specialities studying in English.

УДК 1+2 (075.8)

ББК Ю0я7 Р 57

c Kadnikova L.V., Abysova M.A.,

Ischuk S.M., Morozov A.J., 2011

PREFACE

The textbook "Philosophy. Logic. Religion Studies. Ethics. Aesthetics." is intended for students of technical specialities studying in English. It is prepared in accordance with educational and training programs. Its peculiarity is that it is designed for credit-modular system of study that underpins the Bologna Declaration on European unification of requirements to the level of training in higher education. The teaching material is structured in chapters covering the following items - Philosophy, Logic, Religion Studies, Ethics and Aesthetics.

The chapter "Philosophy" includes introductory topics revealing the phenomenon of spirituality, the nature and historical types of worldview, the essence and origin of philosophical knowledge and the place and significance of philosophy in culture.

The philosophical-historical introduction includes lectures on various periods of the history of philosophy: Antiquity, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Modern Ages and Contemporary Time. The main purpose of this part is to expose the evolution of philosophy in the widest possible way – through worldviews which are collective and individual, traditional and critical, religious and ideological, affirmative and skeptical, as well as to show the plural character of human thinking. It is necessary for young people to be conscious of the ancestors who have helped to shape human living and human ideas, who can be our critics and who can remain sources of ideas and new slants of things.

Theoretical problems of dialectics as a theory of development, being, existence and the essence of man and his consciousness, characteristic features and principles of man’s cognitive activity take their proper place in the textbook too.

There are also lectures highlighting the specific character of society’s functioning in both material and spiritual foundations. They reveal the origin of society’s problems, the structure and historical stages in its development, the essence of social production as the way of creation of man himself by means of his creating material and spiritual values of culture; laws on functioning of the political sphere, the sense of history and driving forces of social development and prospects of human civilization.

The chapter "Logic" includes topics covering the issues of logical forms of thinking, logical reasoning base etc.

The section of "Religion studies", describes the development of philosophical knowledge of the content and nature of religion, early forms of religious beliefs, national religions and worldwide religions, i.e. Buddhism, Christianity and Islam.

The specificity of Ethics as a philosophical discipline, social nature of morality and moral awareness, moral world of man in applied ethics – are the subject matter of the chapter "Ethics".

“Aesthetics” as a philosophical discipline exposes man’s deep aspiration for artistic activity and art as a form of spiritual culture.

The textbook presents basic philosophical, ethical and aesthetic trends, positions and schools; theories of ancient and modern outstanding philosophers on all issues explored in the course of "Philosophy". The authors sought to apply them impartially on the basis of systematic, comparative, historical and methodological principles. This approach to the presentation of educational material will develop students' own perspective on relevant issues; stimulate their critical skills, ability to summarize the learnt. The course also aims to increase students’ cultural and educational level, to enrich their terminological and lexical base and to master their spoken language.

The textbook provides assistance to students of all specialties in preparing for practical lessons, doing modular tests, studying materials, submitted for independent work and passing the semester exam on philosophy.

Each lecture defines the purpose of the topic and key concepts to be paid particular attention to. At the end of each topic, there is a list of key terms with the definitions and explanations, questions and tasks for students’ self-control, and lists of basic and supplementary literature and primary sources.

The textbook is practically oriented. It forms students’ skills of independent thinking; they learn to make decisions and apply them in appropriate situations.

Compact and concise exposition of the teaching material is combined with sufficient comprehensiveness of the subject, clarity and accessibility of its understanding for students.

The editors: Kadnikova L.V. – Preface, Themes: 1 - 8, 11, 14, 17.

Morozov A.J. – Themes: 16, 19 - 30.

Abysova M.A. – Themes: 9, 15, 18.

Ischuk S.M. – Themes: 10, 12, 13.

Contents

Preface Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8 Unit 9 Unit 10 Unit 11 Unit 12 Unit 13 Unit 14 Unit 15 Unit 16 Unit 17 Unit 18 Unit 19 Unit 20 Unit 21 Unit 22 Unit 23 Unit 24 Unit 25 Unit 26 Unit 27 Unit 28 Unit 29 Unit 30

Part I Philosophy Philosophy: Range of Philosophical Problems and the Role and Significance in Culture………… Philosophy of Antiquity…………………………. Philosophy of the Middle Ages…………………. Philosophy of the Renaissance………………….. Philosophy of the Modern Ages………………….. German Classical Philosophy ………………….. European Philosophy of the XIX-XX Centuries Formation and Development of Philosophical Thought in Ukraine………………………………. Outline Theory of Dialectics................................. Philosophical Theory of Being............................... Philosophical Conception of Man.......................... Philosophical problem of Consciousness.............. Theory of Cognition............................................... Social Philosophy: Subject Matter and Structure... Social Production as a Mode of Man’s Being in Culture..................................................................... Political Sphere of Society’s Life as a Philosophical Problem…………………………… Philosophy of History.…………..……………… Strategy of Future…….…………………………. Part II Logic Logic as Philosophical and Scientific discipline Logical Forms of Thinking……………………… Logical Basis of Argumentation……………….. Part III Religion Studies Religion: Essence, Structure and Historical Forms Primitive Religious Beliefs and Ethnic religions... World Religions…………………………………. Religion in the Modern World………………….. Part IV Ethics Subject of Ethics……………………………….... Notion and Structure of Moral Consciousness Categories of Ethics…………………………….. Moral World of Man. Problems of Applied Ethics…………………………………………….. Part V Aesthetics Aesthetics as Philosophical Discipline………….. Art as Social Phenomenon………………………. The List of Literature Basic Literature………………………………….. Supplementary Literature………………………... Primary sources.………………………………….

4 9 30 49 69 84 105 119 161 192 221 238 264 286 314 332 354 370 388 403 417 434 448 461 480 502 517 538 550 564 580 597 601 605