Vocabulary

alkali metals - щелочные металлы

lithium - литий

potassium - калий

rubidium - рубидий

cesium - цезий

francium - франций

noble gas - благородный газ

ionization - ионизация

reactive - реакционно-способный, химически активный

reactivity - реакционная способность

dissimilarity - различие

divalent ion - двухвалентный ион

to tarnish - вызывать потускнение

standard electrode potentials - стандартные электродные потенциалы

chlorine - хлор

bromine - бром

to decompose - разлагаться

to resemble - быть похожим

magnesium - магний

heating - нагревание

cation - катион

anion - анион

to polarize – поляризовать(-ся)

nitric acid - азотная кислота

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Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. What elements belong to alkali metals?

2. Why do alkali metals readily lose their outer electron?

3. What substances do alkali metals react with and where do they tarnish?

4. Why don’t alkali metals show a regular trend?

5. What substance does lithium nitrate decompose to?

Exercise 3. Put questions to the bold-typed words.

1. Alkali metals can all be made to react with chlorine.

2. Lithium (Li) is an alkali metal.

3. The standard electrode potentials are low and negative.

4. Salts are generally soluble.

5. The nitrates (except for lithium) decompose to give the nitrite.

6. The carbonates do not decompose on heating.

7. There is a decrease in ionization energy from lithium to cesium.

8. In fact lithium shows a number of dissimilarities to the other members of group 1.

9. The smaller cations tend to polarize the oxo anions.

10. The second ionization energies are much higher.

11. Ionization energy decreases from lithium to cesium.

12. Other properties also change down the group.

Exercise 4. Give the equivalents for the following words and make up sentences with them: alkali metals, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, noble gas, ionization, reactive, to decompose, to resemble, magnesium, heating, carbonate, cation anion, to polarize.

Exercise 5. Match the following words with the correct definitions.

1. Nitric acid is a) poisonous and harmful to people and animals.

2. Natural gas is b) a colourless acid that can destroy substances

and used to make explosives.

3. Oil pollution is c) gas consisting of methane and other

hydrocarbon gases that

are found underground and used for heating and cooking.

4. Sulfuric acid is d) a strong acid that has no color and can harm flesh.

Chemical formula is H₂SO_4.

5. Toxic means e) a pollution caused by oil.

6. Boiling point is f) a point at which liquid boils.

7. Phenol is g) a poisonous white chemical compound.

When dissolved in water it is used as an antiseptic.

8. Sodium is h) a process for producing ions.

9. Ionization is i) a soft, silvery-white metal that is found

naturally only in compounds, such as salt.

E

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xercise 6.

1. Fill the gaps with an appropriate word and translate the text: bonds, molecule, energy, bond, to form, electrons, covalent, valence, configuration, atoms, to give, gas.